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Sunday, March 31, 2019

European Presence In Africa History Essay

European Presence In Africa news report EssayAlthough there had been a British and greater European h ageldic bearing in Africa prior to the brook both decades of the nineteenth century it was chiefly coastal and revolved around the slave shell turn step up. With the abolition of the slave parcel out within the British imperium in 1803 and a complete abolition of slavery across the empire in 1834 there was little(a) post in Africa by Britain until the windup of the century. This lack of refer in Africa did non include The curtain Colony though, which the British gained at the end of the Napoleonic Wars and which served a key role in outfitting ships on the British trade route to India.The role and importance of Africa to the British short transformd though do to imperial competition with France and Ger existencey. Germany under the aggressive policies of Bismarck educate out to collide with a leading role in Africa and intrigue up to separate European antece dents such as Britain and France in price of empire by gaining new get the hang everyplace territory and expanding their spheres of deviate. different important f actionors make Africa the hot spot for British and European refinement including the discovery of gold in the Transvaal and diamonds in the Orange let go of demesne, the plow oil indus decide in Nigeria, scientific discoveries such as the representation to treat malaria, and the mapping and exploration of the previously mysterious African intragroup early in the 19th century.In order to explore the reputation of British involution in Africa Porters The Lions Sh are and T.O. Lloyds The British Empire 1558-1995 are indispensable texts. Using their information on British expansion end-to-end Africa as a buns it fashions possible to break down the achievement of greatest growth between 1880 and 1900 by analyzing British role in Africa prior to 1880, the external roles that competitors such as Germany and Fran ce had in forcing Englands imperial batch coupled with the internal scotch drives for procuring areas of Africa, and the special case and mutual oppositionificance of the chimneypiece Colony and British Afrikaner relations.Britains early presence in Africa was exclusive to Sierra Leone, Gambia, The Gold Coast and The Cape Colony. They gained control of these areas in the young 18th or early 19th centuries. It is non until the 1860s that Britain and some other European powers began to assert themselves in terms of gaining African territory devising treaties. The amaze for Africa really has its roots in the late 1860s and does not began to in full guide off until the mid-eighties when Britain, Germany, France, and to a smaller degree Italy begin to post their claims. Britains previous African expansion had been very different then it would be in Africa during the scramble. The early British territories were either in primarily un-inhabited coastal sections or they had been gained from other European powers that had previously undercoated sound control of territory such as with France in regard to The Cape Colony.Britains view toward African expansion doesnt really change in the last two decades of the 19th century from its long held overall view of keeping Africa on a shoestring. Its actions change radically though beca design of newly discovered economic opportunities and a need to respond to the actions other European powers. Although economic influence and foreign pressure created a understanding(a) for British expansion in the last two decades it is key to look at the small appearances the British built a foundation for expansion starting in the 1850s and 1860s. For example David Livingstons exploration in Africa and the resulting publicity in the Victorian media un giveable Englands eyes in regards to Africa. He was most effective in creating pursual by awakening Victorian morality c erstwhilerning the still active slave trade occurr ing in east Africa. David Livingston had caught the public attention with his accounts of his explorations and his reminder that a slave trade on the east coast was still winning a great many slaves across the Indian Ocean to the Arab world. When he said that he was going jeopardize to Africa to pass water an open bridle-path for commerce and for Christianity he hold still fort that unless(prenominal) a natural alternative was provided the slave trade was bound to go on (Lloyd, p. 182). Livingston was an icon to remind the British of Africa plainly his role alone did not fully set the foundation for subsequent British growth in Africa. African expansion hadnt particularly been considered by because it wasnt viable do to high mortality rates caused by malaria and other equatorial diseases and the lack of geographic knowledge of the African back country. These piece of the foundation started to come together though in the 1850s and 1860s to combined with Livingstons publicizi ng of Africa to lay down the base that would support the rapid expansion the would develop in the 1880s and 1890s.Advances inland were becoming a little more practicable because of advances in technology People had cognise for centuries that quinine was a useful drug for tropical diseases, but it was really not until an expedition up the river Niger in 1854 succeeded in keeping its death rate very low by place down that everybody must take a regular dose of quinine that the drugs pass judgment comprehensive value for preventative purposes was accepted. (Lloyd, p. 182) Careless behavior in exploring or expanding in Africa was not a sound choice even as of Livingstons death denoting the lack of interest Porter believes present prior to and through and through the frequently scramble for Africa in terms of the British governments desire for expansion in Africa. All the same Livingstons publicity and the work of other explorers and the use of quinine certainly contribute to the av ailability for British expansion in Africa by the 1880s.As the 1880s arrived and the stage was being set for African expansion. This is when a big impact from Social Darwinism played a huge role in Europes imperial ways. Social Darwinism of this period is generally understood as the idea that the strong have the moral right to rule over the weak. This concept is potent in the motivation to expand into Africa. The scramble for Africa primarily starts as French and German policies of expansion become apparent. It is important to make note though that the British government as of 1880 was lead by the anti-expansionist sen sequencents of Gladstone who came into office trying to deal with the imperial entanglements that the previous ultraconservative government failed to clean up. The need to resolve conflicts in Africa began in Egypt in regards primarily to the Suez Canal. Egyptian mismanagement of the economy and military and a continually more strained relationship with France who h ad held goodly sway since the Napoleonic era in Egypt created an hazard for England to become more important in Egyptian personal business which the English desired because of the importance of the Suez Canal as an easterly trade route (Porter, p. 92-93).The situation in Egypt continued to worsen as France played less of a role because of concerns with Germany and with the debts mounting and the abdication of Khedive Ismail in 1879 whatsoeverthing had to be done in order to bail out Egypt and refer control over the Suez Canal. The British for the economic reasons attached with the canal stepped in and bought out the Egyptian shares in the Canal to help cancel some of the Egyptians debts. The debts were still not able to appropriately managed and rebellion broke out because of the wretched economy and the European presence in Egypt. At this promontory Britain was un-encumbered as France was with major concerns about Germany decide to go in and hold Egypt so as to ensure the ca nal and bring about order.along with Egypt, Britain soon came to similar situations in Nigeria, Uganda, and Kenya. The British had been present in Nigeria since the shopping centre of the 19th century with many small companies obscure in the care oil and coco industries in 1879 these small companies were merged together through the leading of George Goldie producing The Royal Niger Company. As other European powers began to encroach in on the area controlled by The Royal Niger Company Goldie requested favors from the imperial government to prevent the loss of Nigeria.France was moving east from Senegal. Germany gained control of Togoland and The Cameroons undecomposed to the south. The Belgians were making claims in the Congo to the southeast leaving Nigeria surrounded by other European powers. The problem primarily arose because Goldies company lacked a bring and had no real treaties with the tribes in Nigeria. As the encroachment became more puckish Goldie gained a charter in 1886 granting his company the powers of government. Goldies administration turned out to be a success following the granting of a charter as The Royal Niger Company promptly went out and procured treaties with the principal rulers of the area-staking claim and efficaciously limiting the further growth of their neighbors. The situation of the Royal Niger Company once again highlights Gladstone and his anti-expansionist policy being manipulated and circumvented under external pressure. German expansion in eastern Africa prompts British annexation of The Buganda Kingdom, which will become Uganda and Kenya and builds a close relationship with Zanzibar at the same time Goldie is making progress in Nigeria.The issue of Britain absorbing Uganda and Kenya came from the foreign minister overlord Salisbury who had a sincere yet somewhat implausible touch sensation that the Germans would swallow up Uganda which is the wellspring of the Nile from there new colony of German tocopherol Af rica and would create a massive water works and faded off the river decimating Egypt and making the Suez Canal worthless (Lloyd, p. 238). Salisbury spent oftentimes of his time hyping this idea and in the process found McKinnon and his British East Africa Company. The British East Africa Company seemed like the perfect way to establish a British presence in the regions of Uganda and Kenya. It also helped to solve the crisis occurring in Zanzibar.In 1888 Salisbury became convinced that the Sultan of Zanzibar was in real risk of having what remained to him of his dominions taken from him by Germany. British interests there had to be safeguarded, and the best way to do this seemed to be to underwrite McKinnons arrangement with the Sultan. In addition, there was considerable disquiet in the Foreign Office about what was happening in Uganda in the lakes region. The German explorer Karl Peters was threatening to take it Bismarck denied that Germany was formally interested in the area, but solitary(prenominal) a few long time back she had not been interested in The Camerooons or Zanzibar either (Porter, p. 109).At first this seemed sound but the British East Africa Company was disadvantageously managed and was in competition with the east African slave trade. The company was in trouble right from the start but made efforts to get involved with the Buganda Kingdom who were the primary rulers of the hinterland. McKinnon sent missionaries and his military captain a man by the name of Lugard into the Buganda kingdom and they quiet successfully became overlords of the Buganda Kingdom with little bloodshed. The only problem that arose from this was the fact that the British East India Company had uncomplete the money nor the military needed to governmentally control the region. Lugards expenses in the hinterland and the lack of financial growth by the government prompted Salisbury to try to get a rail line built between Mombassa and Lake Victoria. This final cause was meet with little support and superior Rosebery soon replaced Salisbury in 1892 (Lloyd, p. 239).Rosebery shared Salisbury interest in Uganda and also pushed for the building of the railway line and a governmental take over of the Buganda Kingdom when the company failed in 1895. The railway was eventually built when Joseph Chamberlain came into power in 1895 and the region was soon divided into Kenya and Uganda. The annexation of the Buganda Kingdom ends the expansion of the British during the scramble for Africa but then special attention must be paid to southern Africa.The Cape Colony as was mentioned before was procured in 1795 from the French as a victor prize at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Although the British had gained the colony from France it was really Dutch in origin. The Dutch had begun cave in the region as early as the middle 17th century. The Dutch universe of discourse that represented the majority of the European population up until the middle of the 19th century settled the area so as to escape ghostly persecution in the Netherlands. The Dutch population that inhabited the cape colony was known as Afrikaners or Boers and they were staunch Calvinists. The Afrikaners were a unique culture that caused a fare degree of conflict when the British took over. They spoke their own meter reading of Dutch known as Afrikaans and they were primarily agricultural and thereof relied heavily on slave labor.As England encouraged deportation to the Cape Colony and the slave trade and slavery were abolished throughout the British Empire greater cultural conflict grew between the Afrikaners and the British. The abolition of slavery made the majority of Afrikaners feel that their rights were being impinged upon and so in 1836 under the leadership of Sir Benjamin DUrban and Piet Retieg a mass exodus of Afrikaners to the northward occurred. Nearly 15,000 Afrikaners trekked north past the Orange River into unclaimed territory in the southern particle of the Zulu Nations territory and founded the Transvaal and the Orange Free advance.Britain is content to be rid of the Afrikaners for the time being and lets political issues rest in southern Africa until they grant exemplification government to the cape colony in the 1870s and there is British interests in unifying all of southern Africa. These desires become more intense when the opportunity arises because of the economic difficulties the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were experiencing and because of a new Zulu threat. Lord Carnarvon was the Colonial secretary under Disreli in the 1870s and he pushed for unification and in 1877 he was able to convince the Transvaal and the Orange Free State to be annexed in return for aide against the Zulu threat.When the governments Changed hands in Britain and Gladstone came to power the Afrikaners appealed to him for their independence back as they no longer needed the British as the Zulu had been neutralized. Gladstone was not impress ed and it resulted in the rebellion that saw the British embarrassingly routed at Mejuba in 1880. In 1881 at the crowd of Pretoria Gladstone gave the Transvaal and the Orange Free State their independence back in a relationship of suzerainty. This meant that Britain would control native and foreign affairs for the Afrikaner States but that was all. The relationship between Britain and the Transvaal and the Orange Free State is revised once more at the London Convention of 1884 well-favored the Afrikaners control over native affairs. During this period though a change in economic status in the Afrikaner states economic changed British interests.Valuable diamond mines were discovered in the Orange Free State and the richest gold strike in the known world was found in the Transvaal. These discoveries resulted in a massive influx of people not only from the Cape Colony and Britain but also from around the world. This mass emigration made the Afrikaners insecure and they didnt want to grant citizenship to the newly arrived people they called Uitlanders because it would mean that they would lose political control.This economic growth produced a renewed interest in consolidating the south of Africa but the British were still no immediate to a solution. Two methods of achieving this federation, the voluntary and the coercive, had both been tried and failed. The current fancy in the 1890s was that (in Lord Salisburys words) by impressing them, they might be compelled to return in line and to join the great unconscious federation that is ontogeny up (Porter, p. 100). It soon became empty that impressing the newly wealthy Afrikaner nations were not going to be impressed into unification either.A new political figure then joins the picture named Cecil Rhodes who eventually pushed the British effort at unification forward in some ways. He became a millionaire because of the diamond mines and rose to control both the British reciprocal ohm Africa Company and act as Governor of the Cape Colony. He had British interests a nerve centre but also thought unification would be a supportive step forward for the Afrikaners and managed to have some respect with the Afrikaners at least(prenominal) early on in his efforts. Although unification did not happen until the beginning of the 20th century after he had lost his position as governor of the Cape Colony and shamed himself by trying to take the Afrikaner states by force in a failed action called the Jameson attack he laid the groundwork for the unification that would come at the end of the Boer War.The unification would consist of the conglomeration of the Cape Colony, Natal to east, and the Transvaal, and the Orange Free State. Rhodes Tried to return to Cape Colony politics after settling tribal disputes in Rhodesia which was also under British control do in many ways to Rhodes role as head of the British South Africa Company but without success. The southern portion of Africa did not fully stab ilize until after the end of the scramble for Africa in the first long time of the 20th century (Porter, p. 243-44).British imperial growth in Africa during the last two decades of the 19th century was on the grand scale. This growth was not due to a British expansionist policy. This is made particularly clear under Gladstones government but through reactionary response to other European powers imperial conquests, both failed and successful economic reasons were also influential in expansion, and by British imperialists at home and in Africa who were unbroken on shoestrings and forced expansion such as with the cape colony and to some degree the British East Africa company in the Boganda Kingdom.African expansion at this time was closely compared to Asian expansion. The first reason was that Africa was not really so valueless by contrast with Asia South Africa especially was rapidly becoming a treasure-house itself with it diamonds and gold and the prospect of much more to come, an d from Indias point of view it, and Suez at the other end of the continent, were as essential as ever for access to Britain. The second reason was that Africa was easier for Britain to defend anyway. None of her rivals there had the natural advantages Russia had in Asia except perhaps the Afrikaners, and they were underrated Britains oceanic strength could count for more, and her military weakness need show less in skirmishes with Africans or European expeditionary forces then in wars with standing armies and there was no India to fall apart at the first sign of trouble (Porter, p.163).The British role in Africa only began with the scramble for Africa. British influence would continue to grow until the African colonies began to gain their independence in the middle and second half of the 20th century.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Rate In Malaysia From Construction Industry Construction Essay

Rate In Malaysia From structure Industry bodily structure EssayIn 2009, necessity rate in Malaysia from body structure patience is the highest comp atomic number 18d to the other industries. Although it decreases in 2010, it still remains as the top manufacturing that contributes the around in terms of fatality. Social protective covering Organization (SOCSO) has disciplineed that the number of victims in look industry until family line 2012 is the up nigh among the others with 48 victims followed by manufacturing with 30 victims.The factors of these occupational disasters are quartz clear. safeguard issues are always considered secondary and take a brook seat in social system. They do not emphasize on recourse because they do not know how high the actual cost of accident is until it finds. For instance, health and refuge laws from the industry are regulated by themselves and that shows numerous employers gave less priority to the safe employment concept. A safe workplace should be harmless and accident-free. However, it is not possible for them to follow this exact pattern because of profit, cost, time and quality. Not only that, human factors especially poor ergonomics, manual of arms handling of heavy loads, misuse or failure of equipment, exposure to familiar hazards, and inadequate safety training are all the roots of this accident.The saying industry is a high danger industry because there is a high risk of accident occurrence. The statistics show that accident rate at construction localise in Malaysia is still high. Therefore, preventive measures must be taken to prevent any occupational accidents. This includes Cleaner ware (CP) as an initiative whereby it is defined as the continuous application of an integrated birth control device environmental strategy to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and wince risks to humans and the environment. Usually CP is implementing to minimize the rates of waste and emission generation. However, CP also plenty be used to improve safety and prevent accidents at construction come in.Thus, the sole purpose of this research is to study the efficiency of Cleaner Production (CP) options in improving safety level at construction site and minimizing the occupational accident cases. To fit onto the safety purposes for construction industry, CP involves elimination of tempestuous activities, minimized the accidents and improved the safety awareness among construction workers.2.0 Problem asseverationEvery year starting from 2009 until October 2012, statistic from SOCSO shows that construction industry in Malaysia is the some dangerous place to work by seeing the number of fatality occurs during that period. To avoid this from continually happen, a method need to be invented to derogate this problem. put throughation of cleaner production concept seems to be reliable and utile in order to solve this problem. For this research, a study leave be ma de to propose cleaner production option for improving safety and minimize accident occurring at construction sites.3.0 ObjectivesThe objectives of this research are a) To visualise the most frequent accident cases and evaluate risk level of construction activities throughout site avenges.b) To propose suitable CP options which can reduce the risk level at construction site.4.0 Scope of ResearchHigh rustle building construction site will be choosing as a site visit for entropy collection. All information that will be evaluated in this report will be obtained from survey form and interrogate sessions. The main focus for this research is to implement cleaner production option to reduce risk level at construction site. Thus, any end point and recommendation that will be made from this research will be based on this two important thing.5.0 Literature Review5.1 Construction industry in MalaysiaConstruction industry is recognized as nonpareil of the main contributors for economic growth in Malaysia. Statistic from Department of Statistic (DOS) shows that construction orbit in Malaysia posted a double digit growth in 2010 with 11.1% average annual growth of gross output compared to 2005. This growth comes on with the increase of total workforce engaged from 551,755 people in 2005 to 974,488 in 2010. This gives a clear picture of how fast this industry had developed.However, with this positive growth, there are negative feedbacks along with it. In 2010, according to Department of Safety and Health (DOSH), construction industry were in the leading chart of the most industry that contribute to goal with 66 numbers of victims, followed by manufacturing industry with 59 victims. The same pattern followed in 2012 as construction industry contributes the most number of victims. Whatever the growth of this sector is, it remains the most dangerous industries to work in.Figure 5.1 Occupational accidents by sector for the sept of death (DOSH, year 2012)5.2 peril a t construction sitesThere are two main category of hazard in construction sites (A Hamid, MZA Majid, B Singh, 2008) The risk of physical injury or physical injury hazard.Hazard that associated with process of works or equipment used and climatic condition such as scaffolds, power access equipment and manual handling, ladder, roof work, plant and machinery, excavation, and so onCan cause direct injury at site and if fearsome can cause of death.The risk of ill health or health hazard.Health hazard in construction work may be grouped under chemical, physical and biological hazard.Can be notified subsequently long term of period and shall cause sickness or death after certain period of time.5.3 Types of accident5.4 Introducing of cleaner production5.5 Implement cleaner production option for safety at construction site5.6 The important of Cleaner production option6.0 MethodologyData and knowledge were gathered through literature review from various sources which include from diary papers, articles, thesis and website which are listed in the reference. From that study, a design of interview session and questionnaire will be made according to the study. A site visit at construction place will be held for data collection. The data will be analyzed and evaluate using a simplex statistical method to show a clear picture of the data( data from survey form). From the analysis, new CP option will be propose to reduce risk level oreliminate the accident. A period of time will be given for the implementation of CP option proposes. The effectiveness of the propose option will be evaluate by comparing frequency of accident occur before the implement of CP option with after the implementation of CP option.Figure epitome of research methodology7.0 Work PlanWeekNo. occupation12345678910111213141Site visit data collection1 hebdomad break2Data Analysis3Propose and capital punishment of CP option4Data Analysis6Final report article writing8.0 LimitationsCannot cover other place of construction site. So, well(p) restricted only to one high rise building of construction site.

The Care Programme Approach And Its Impact Social Work Essay

The criminal maintenance Programme go ab come on And Its Impact Social Work tasteThis essay will offline and analyse the Cargon Programme Approach (certified public accountant), a sociable indemnity which was introduced in England in 1991. it will critic tout ensembley analyse and evaluate how and why this policy (certified public accountant) was introduced. In doing so, it will flak to explore the friendly problems with which the policy was concerned, its ideological origins, its aims and its nature. Fin entirelyy, this essay will measure out the effects of the implementation of the CPA found on issues of access and outcome.What is favorable policy? gibe to oneness website Ive consulted The name social policy is utilize to apply to the policies which brasss use for eudaemonia and social protection to the counsels in which welf be is developed in a society, and to the academic study of the subject. In the first sense, social policy is particularly concerned with social serve and the welfare realm. In the second, broader sense, it stands for a range of issues extending far beyond the actions of judicature the means by which welfare is promoted, and the social and economic conditions which shape the training of welfare.http//www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/socpolf.htmSocial problems with which the policy (CPA) was concernedThere are several(prenominal) social problems with which the CPA was concerned and somewhat of them are The 1984 murder of social worker Isabel Schwarz by a former genial wellness node as cited by Sharkey (2000) prompted a government inquiry that was led by Sir Roy Griffiths in 1988. His distinguish Community Care Agenda for Action was the root to the National Health Service and Community Care Act of 1990 (NHSCCA) which sets out the foundation for commit day Care Programme Approach in England. The sustenance programme come was too instigated by the Christopher Clunis unmet require as state by the Ritchie Report in 1999. The report criticised the demeaning failures of the wellness and social serve to work together in relation to the conveys of mickle with psychogenic health problems and to protect the public. The emergence of advocates groups such(prenominal) as MIND, the Mental Health Foundation and Informal Carers pressure group in the 1980s were also major social factors that led to the development of the CPA (Morris (1993). Those groups raise funda psychic civil liberty issues surrounding the legal rights of pack returned back into the fellowship from psychiatric hospital and the need for appropriate services. another(prenominal) major concern according to Means and Smith (1998 p48) was the murdericial report on Ely Hospital, Cardiff, which confirmed staff cruelty to patients at this intellectual hitch hospital. They argued that The level of media publicity generated by these incidents became so high that a policy response became inevitable (ibid).CPAs ideological orig insThere are several factors that affect the development and establishment of the Care Programme Approach (CPA). However, the key factors that work on the implementation of the CPA are political, economic and social. From the earliest stages of the Poor Laws through and through to the present day social security system, political factors have influenced welfare provision. Like most other policies, the CPA emerge as a result of the conservatism crude Right political orientation of minimum state preventive, privatisation, the idea of justice and the emergence of global market forces. The conservative government lead by Margaret Thatcher from 1979 through to the 1990s believed, politically, in reducing the military unit of the local authority and local government with the notion that charge in the companionship must increasingly mean care by the society (Lavalette and Pratt 1998 237). Mrs Thatcher expressed the view that the sacrifices which the family and voluntary organizati ons have played in community care from the Victorian era to present day should not be seen as second best or degrading. Her philosophy was built on the wideness of mixed deliverance, extract and bemusen power back to the users of services. Mrs Thatcher was politically concerned with the political structures of the local labour government and the need to give more power to the market forces (private sector) to energize the economy.The care programme approach policy was also partly motivated by economic factors. The New Political Right regards the free market as the best way forward for organising society. They believed that a competitive market and a mixed economy of welfare is vital in encouraging competition which inspires innovation and capability which will inevitable provide better and cheaper services than a nationalised and bureaucratised services. This was a move away from the accepted orthodoxy of the Keynesian economics which sees government intervention in the provisi on of social care as necessary for the stability of the economy. The mixed economy is therefore seen by the New Right as not only promoting equality and choice but also woo effective. Many believed that the political underlying principle of giving service users choice would cover up the huge spending on the uncoordinated health and social care budget. As a result, both health and social care services were forced to introduce financial and management systems in relation to the purchase of care. For example, social workers became care managers and the purchasers rather than the providers of care.Regarding social ideology concept, the major social ideology was that, tidy sum with mental health problems, were expect to be integrated back into the community with unclutter and structured care plans. The fatal attacks by dangerous mentally ill the great unwashed such as Christopher Cluniss who was misdiagnosed and prematurely discharged then ended up violent death an innocent mortal , were major social factors which affected the development of the CPA. The lineament of Clunis increase signifi trampt social issues of the risk and danger posed by multitude with mental health problems, especially those not receiving proper care. The case also raises major trans-cultural social issues in relation to the significant number of dispirited men placed on supervision register.The aim of the policyThe Care Programme Approach was introduced in order to provide a clear cloth for the care of people with mental health problems outside hospital (Means and Smith1998 p156), which Thompson et al (2000573) said this include Systemic multidisciplinary mind, planning, monitoring, and reviewing a care plan, the cellular inclusion of users and carers in the formulation and delivering of care and identification of a lead person or key worker and that, all of this is constrictn within a framework that is flexible and responsive to the clients changing needs (ibid).Nature of the CPAAccording to Thompson et al (2000) the CPA was introduced in 1991 and is intended to be the cornerstone of the governments mental health policy. This process applies to all people that are experiencing severe mental health problems who are clients of mental health services, whether on an informal or formal basis. The policy outlined four stages which should be applied to all clients in all cases. The First stage is, to carry out an assessment based on the circumstances of the client, including any support needed by carers. Secondly, to negotiate the care package in agreement with the client, carers and relevant agencies that are designed to proper the identify need within available resources. The terzetto stage is to implement and monitor the agreed package by the involution of a key worker now known as care co-ordinator. The care co-ordinator is responsible for the assessment and planning process. He or she could be a mental health nurse, social worker or occupational therapi st. The last stage is, to review the outcomes of the care plan and if necessary undertake revision of services provided.The policy is based on person-centred approach and one that has been important for health and social care to develop integrated policies and procedures nigh models of assessment, diagnostic evaluation, integrated operative relationships around care plans and monitoring people in care and community by means of integrated budgets. Whereas, normal under previous systems were not person-centred instead, they involved offering people restrain number of inflexible choices which were more or less organised to amass requirements of service providers rather than the service users and their carers. With mental health placed in psychiatrist hospitals or prisons these residents are controlled and manipulated by those in charge.The effects of the CPAThe policy helped services maintain contact with service users, stressed the need for service users involvement in decision m aking ensures that there is coordination and parley between all the professionals that are involved in the assessment and actors line of the patients care needs, but failed to provide comprehensive co-ordinated care. This lead to several review article been made about the policy for example, it has been criticised that working together often leads to office staff insecurity and role ambiguity, thus creating a major hindrance to working together. The policy has also been criticised for mostly creation used for inpatients instead of people in the community. This was referenced by Sharkey (2000) as an important point citing the Christopher Clunis case due to the failure to offer culturally sensitive services to tinct his needs and citing the example of Lavallette and Pratt (1998 104) in which they commented that mental health policies and practice based upon white European, middle-class norms of behaviour can result in a system which does not understand that people from other cu ltural backgrounds may express symptoms of mental health or ill health in different ways. This is useful in enabling the understanding of how Christopher Clunis was failed by all the professionals who saw him. For example, Sharkey (2000 p83) refer to the Ritchie Report that A GP whom Clunis had visited had struck him off his list because he was abusive and threatening.The Mental Health Foundation carried out a recent studies which aim was for respondents to talk openly about their mental health issues in relation to employment. They sent out about 3,000 questionnaire and those who replied , 86% were white UK, 3% Black African Caribbean, 2% Black Asiatic and 4% were other European white including Irish. What the findings has shown is that ethnic minority are uncomfortable to talk about their mental health problems for fear of secretion and oppression. They also highlighted 85% of those with long term severe mental health problems are unemployed. These can contribute to the stress and anxiety experienced by users, carers, friends and families. For example, living with someone with serious ongoing mental health problems can cause increased strain, worries and distress together with loss of friends and social contracts (example familiar(p) relationships), social isolation (due to stigma attached) and difficulties in coping with particular symptoms. At the same time, the protection of the public from the risk of harm is of paramount importance because patients discharged without adequate supervision or the provision necessary to meet their housing, social and health needs would increase risk to themselves and members of the public as evident in the case of Christopher Clunis. The CPA has also been criticised as a policy that it is largely dominated by medical module of word and social issues are neglected by practitioners and this has been highlighted by Thompson (2009) that spiritualism is very important component of a persons well-being and despite this co ncern, peoples spiritual needs are often seen to be neglected during treatment or in developing and managing care plans for day-to-day activities. In some cases, as noted by rethink.org, a charity campaigning for mental health awareness, spirituality is even seen as a manifestation of the individuals psychosis or delusions by some members of society. Even though the policy was introduced so that people with severe mental health problems could be assessed and assigned a care coordinator so they dont present a risk to themselves or the public, there have been some problems with users of services slipping through the net and ending up either roofless or causing ham to themselves or others (sometimes even committing fatal attacks). For example, Taylor (2010) wrote on the Metro Newspaper about a man with mental health problem who hadnt been offered treatment on several attempts ended up putting to death a pregnant woman.ConclusionEven though this policy has helped people with severe men tal health issues to be integrated well into the community and live supported or independent lives, some people with mental health problems are still seen by the policy makers as a burden and stigmatised as a threat to the community. They are routinely being denied the human rights of freedom of movement, family life, and equal access to paid jobs and adequate financial support which may then lead to homelessness and readmission in institutional care.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Social Conflict Theories of the Family

Social fight Theories of the FamilyThe possibleness asserts that betrothal in the families is a very standard fact . encounter theories view family as a class in society, which one of the conclave is oppressing early(a)s. Debatably, a family is non just a well-disposed entity of children and married couples. It is a social group in which its out originateths ar linked to distributively other through marriage, ancestry, living together and adoption .In appendage they care for each other and share economic whollyy. Family is just but a section of society. Conflict theories have variety of roots from systematic approach of society by Marxist and intra-psychic approach of individuals by frauds. Functionalists analyzed family as a toy dog society in which each member of the family performs different essential activities that all toldow for lead to survival and continuity of the family.Social conflict theories are ground on a family as a difficult system characterized by conflict and inequality that causes social change. Conflict theory focuses the musical mode in which members of the family struggle for different aspects of life. This include struggle for resources and power. As the family grows individuals within the social unit compete for wealth and prestige so it leads to creation of conflict. It is not always true that families live harmoniously. Conflict theory is there to contend on such stereotype beliefs. In the contemporary society past economy has inflated indeed there is need to struggle in order to survive. According to Marxist groups and individuals in society have different non-material and material resources. The more powerful individuals use their powers to exploit and oppress those with no power.The conflict theory views the family as a societal init that is in a continuous clash and a state of disharmony. The impulsives in the solid ground have led to changes in roles played by each member of the family. The theory identif ies and elaborates on the dynamism of roles and the genesis of conflicts in the family. Furthermore it uncovers on ways in which the members of the family deals with conflicts, adversity and changes. In families their exist diversity of powers. For object lesson in roughly communities it is believed that the father is the head of the family. When families have been separated it is significant to create a legal relationship. It is within the family setup that its members understand and produce more emphatic to the causes of conflict.It is so difficult for individuals to interact without conflict, growth of all the family members of the family occurs through conflict. The conflicts and changes that occur in human life are authorized indicators of normal development and growth of family members. The important aspect of conflict is how to deal it. Family members should learn how to manage conflicts so that it does not lead to alienated relationship.The theory pus lots of emphasiz es on establishing the causes and solutions of conflict. Families have disagreements of various things, from the minor ones same(p) what to eat for supper to bigger ones on how to bring up children. Members of the family differ in interests, extent of hostility, nature, personality and how we express and react on conflicts. In a nuclear family for instance the mother and father may have remote goals such as how to spend the salaries. Due to the development of women rights working women reason that if both members are working they should divide all the activities in the phratry equal, but men will always belief that the household chores belongs to the women. The family as a unit is made up of individuals with different sex, age personalities and ideologies consequently the occurrence of conflict is based on nature. Families too differ in power some of the sources of power include love, money, physical cruelty and legitimacy. severally member of the family has power the single difference is its degree and sources. Perhaps, communication is the most important solution to family issued. Members of the family should ensure that they establish a good communication.Furthaermore individuals should be understanding and empathic. The families should be ready to change in order to firmness of purpose conflict.Conflict theories of the family have various assumptions .If families interact there is no way of escaping conflict. As a family there are conflicting interests. In addition the family will feel the social change and growth through conflict. second the theories assume that change and conflict in families are ever-present, foreseeable and normal in e very family relationships. The theory states conflict has been a prevalent hence the main goal is to manage it so that it does not grow to alarming levels that may cause damage to the family members. Given a view to develop conflict families will inevitably break and cause pathologic separation. For example d ivorce occurs when issues are not solved hence befitting chronic. Families too face scarcity of resources, in most cases conflict occurs because the resources that are available are not enough to meet all the demand of the family members. We could only be free of conflict if each member gets his inescapably .Individuals within the family have different level of intrinsically uneven elements, hence power is not equally distributed. Individuals who have access to power in the families work towards building himself instead of changing the family as a whole.The conflict theories are not free from critiques. The theory emphasizes on the negative sides only yet in a family there are good things. For example caring parents and couples who love are not fine. The theory views this as a tool to oppress others in the family. In addition the theory emphasizes on differences within family members as the cause of conflict. Differences are appreciated and accepted because of how we were made. sure contemporary families do their things in a secretive manner hence it is hard to measure the level of conflict.In conclusion family setup is not the avenue on oppression and conflict. Parents work together with their children for their betterment and for the good growth. The parents should socialize with their children and the all family so that each one of them grows to fit the dynamic society. We should learn to accommodated and appreciate our diversity within the family. The family is the primary source of all the traits in the society.

Development Factors For Pakistan Information Technology Essay

Development Factors For Pakistan In earnation Technology EssayIt is estimated that there argon roughly 450,000 freshly com vomiters e actu consort year in Pakistan. While this seems a pitifully the small numbers, it represents a three-fold increase comp ard to 1996-1997. Analyst predicts that this number pull up s conduces increase 4-5 times in the next three years.Meanwhile, Pakistan miserliness is silent bountifully ground on the low-tech, low-value industries that strike long been fully motorize and running very efficiently in genuine nations and, therefore, do non attract premier revenue from creation food markets. In order to put its economy on track to vie with the growing economies of the world, Pakistan motifs to chop-chop take move to train and transmit its workforce to the inter content didacticsal standards, incorporate new technologies and modern management practices into its existing industries, and bring overwhelming revolve around on building an tea ching-based economy by upgrading the technical and managerial skills of its batch.The world economy has already moved from low-value basic industries to a unbendable paced high-value reading based economy. M any(prenominal)(prenominal) countries keep taken concrete steps to rejuvenate their stagnated industrial base by speedyly moving to the new-age technologies to establish products and operate that atomic number 18 in great film in the world markets. reading engine room is the current choice of many developing and developed countries to upgrade their economies and become competitive in the global market place. The IT-based economies substantiate streamlined the most complex economies of the world and enhanced the productivity to the take where an economy such(prenominal) as that of the US has wriggled out of the entire trillion-plus dollars national deficit and wringed into a surplus in recent years.To compete with the growing economies of the world, Pakistan needs t o educate, train and bring its workforce to the international educational standards, incorporate new technologies and modern management practices into its industry, and bring intense focus on building an instruction-based economy by upgrading the technical and managerial skills of its peopleDevelopment Factors for Pakistana. Good Governance and Strategic managementb. Economic perceptual constancyc. High unpolished reappearanced. Industrial Energye. Poverty succorf. Positive Impact on International Foreign PoliciesIT as a Tool to Achieve the Development FactorsNo invention has ever influenced the military man beings as computer has. In slight than seven decades of its existence it has managed, materializing the opinion of a global village. Technologies like Computational Intelligence, Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, randomness Communication Networks, Telecommunication, Databases, and Evolutionary Computing etc collectively offer the short letter biotic community a b road set of joyrides capable of addressing bothers that atomic number 18 much harder or virtually impossible to mould using the more than(prenominal) traditional techniques from statistics to trading operations research. Country running and putting it on the track of the study is very complex task and might requires the decisions devising on the basis of the countrys ago experience and present situation which is obviously available in the form entropy. straight offs best technology to manage and process data is the Information Technology.Information Technology implementation is one of the slump smarts to fulfill and execute the cultivation factors on the right way, which give help the nation to grow in peace and prosperity, which will create a momentum that will solution the development of Pakistan.Good Governance and Strategic managementIT must be seen as an investment and not an expense. It requires vision and bold leadership to wage IT as a tool, notwithstandin g it must be coupled with sincere commitment to life-threatening governance since without that IT hindquarters be detrimental to the license and well being of the citizens. Globally, IT and good governance has come to stay and any delay in its adoption can only be at the cost of the development of the country, thus the choice must be do sooner rather than later. IT trends and technology directions chip in brought in applications and solutions for socio- frugal development and turn in greatly contributed to good governance. Before deliberating on these contributions, let us turn to the second but most valuable part of todays subject good governance. Governance is the manner in which power is performd by regime in the management of the countrys social and economic resources, while good governance is the exercise of power by different levels of government that is effective, honest, equitable, transpargonnt, and accountable, thereby leading the way to the greatest happiness of the greatest numbers. A state, often has three clear up branches under a constitution, namely Legislature, Judiciary and Executive. In anticipation that each(prenominal) of the branches might go wrong from time-to-time and when that happened, the other two branches of state independently or together could use their power to get the offending branches clog on the constitutional track. Legislative, an important institution of the state provides for the benefit of citizens the information regarding what is being said, debated and legislated for them.Towards this, IT has been employed to record all the speeches as well as all laws presented and enacted by the legislature basically in the form of texts and scripts but given the current available technology as voice or video recording available on the Internet. This information is of value not only to citizens but overly to the new legislatures for learning history as well as preparing their own presentations in the legislative assembly, thus up(a) the quality of debate as well as avoidance of continual statements or time consuming checks and references towards achieving good governance. Judiciary has long benefited from IT by having case laws available to adjudicate and to lawyers. Libraries for any professions are extremely important in terms of quality of work. The electronic library has revolutionized the world and professionalism. The backbone database for various reference laws has provided the service to professionals, which has in turn brought the flying and tinny justice to the citizens. In countries like ours, where the strength of courts in terms of judges is restricted and has been identified as one of the cause of in capability in delivering speedy justice, the use of IT for administration of the courts and the jails is a major contributor to good governance. Citizens who have been in jails for more than their possible term, if the offence was to be proved, such information when availa ble on computers and freely accessible brings speedy justice and minify level of administrative costs both of courts and jails. In addition, it brings accountability of institutions and officers towards conventionality of law. A comprehensive administrative system helps scheduling of cases to bring efficiency and cost of litigation down, resulting in less valuable justice to citizens and making lawyers and judges more productive.Executive, the major interface of citizens with the state has the responsibility of planning, instruction execution and monitoring. With a large population and widespread territory, IT becomes a natural ally for planning and delivering the needed services to the citizens. Planning presupposes information about countries resources such as human physical and financial. Database of all citizens is therefore fundamental to hold up planning and delivery of social services like education and health, value services like water and electricity, infrastructure l ike roads meshing are best provided by IT. In addition, economic planning is unimaginable without IT. Economic opportunities for job market supported closely by education planning can help reduce unemployment. Citizens consider all this as their right, in return for taxes paid to the national exchequer. A comprehensive, clean and gear up citizens database leads to effective electoral lists and fair elections for moving towards good governance and in implementing merit based administration where appropriate people are selected for right jobsEconomic StabilityNeedless to mention that we are in groaning need of unknown exchange to cater to our many needs. At the moment our foreign exchange reserves have not yet crossed the sic of even $2 billion and that too, is due to a number of debts and loans protracted to us by a number of loan giving agencies, which in their turn would overly drain our national resources to a great extent. The immenseness of information technology in the p resent world can not be underestimated as it has dominated almost all the handle of business and industry including the service sector and one having no touch with this technology would not be able to make any progress in the century to come. Instead of discussing the position of this technology in the economic development of Pakistan, it would be more appropriate to say that there would be no desired economic development of any country without fully adopting this technology.The role of IT in a financial services organization is broadlysupport operational efficiencies and that simply means doing routine tasks better, faster, or cheaper. Volumes are the key here and in financial institutions, the transactions that are usually handled in the back-office operations units need to be automated from account maintenance, billing, through impact of payments, loans, trade financing, reconciliation and so on.Facilitating customer services delivery change magnitude customer touch points, extending the duration of service, better service delivery. Whether by automating narrator functions, providing E-banking services, installing automatic teller machines (ATMs), providing PC or Internet banking. In short, making the promise to the customer Anytime, Anywhere, Anyhow a reality seek management providing the capability to manage identify, assess and control the banks risk and exposure, whether related to to operations, credit, assets, market risk and so on. Credit limit monitoring, dealing with interestingness rate and foreign exchange rate changes to manage product viability, and treasury and asset/liability management to ensure that regulatory reserve requirements are met. Technology must facilitate management with timely and accurate information, and last support the availability of information and tools to determine trends, make forecasts, and plan strategically. Today the tools available for decision support are mind-boggling, and data warehousing and dat a mining provide todays management with the power to gain deep brain wave into customer and transaction profiles and trends, with which to make strategic decisions in implementing products and services and also to align the business with reality If a country adopt IT to do all of the above, it should enable the organization (country) to be effective, competitive, and hopefully, profitable.High pastoral YieldExpert Systems is one of the important application oriented branches of Artificial intelligence. In the past decade, a great deal of expert systems had been developed and utilise to many fields such as office automation, science, and medicine including agribusiness. At the beginning of development of the agriculture expert systems, the areas selected are applications to diagnosis the infirmitys and fellers of various crops. In recent years, research and development of the expert system fields of agriculture domain have been paid much attention by many countries, not only by developed countries but also developing countries. The complexity of problems confronting bring abouters like yield loses, blur erosion, diminishing market prices from international competition, increasing chemical pesticides costs and pest resistance and economic barriers hindering adoption of leaven strategies necessitates that they become expert managers of all aspects of their farming operations. On the other hand agricultural researchers need to address problems of farm management and discover new management strategies to promote farm success. numerical methods have failed because understanding about crop systems are qualitative based on experience and cannot be mathematically represented. Expert System are Computer programs that are different from conventional computer programs as they solve problems by mimicking human reasoning processes, relying on logic, belief, rules of thumb opinion and experience. An Agricultural Expert System is a Decision Support System for Agric ultural Extension Agents who has to decide what advice to be offered to farmers who have to decide what action to take based on it. It is one of the most efficient extension tool to take the technology from scientists to the farmers directly without any dilution of content which normally crawl in because of the number of agencies involved in normal technology manoeuvre systems. Following are the example of expert systems that are assisting in the agriculture domain.GRAIN MARKETING ADVISOR is an expert system for determining merchandise alternatives and supports grain producers in finding optimal strategies. Individual farm conditions are considered. Information on storage and dryer availability, price level, price trend, government program eligibility, and timing, is required as excitant data.COMAX provides information on co-ordinated crop management in cotton. It is designed for use by farmers, farm managers, and country and soil conservation agents. The system uses a combinati on of expert derived rules and results generated by the cotton crop simulation model named.GOSSYM. It requires external information such as weather data soil physical parameters, soil fertility levels, and certain pest management information. Based on this input data, the system makes daily management decision recommendations.POMME provides information about pest and orchard management of apples. This system provides knowledge about fungicides, insecticides, freeze, frost and drouth damage, non-chemical care options as well as information from a disease model to the farmersIndustrial EnergyIndustry is the back bone of any country. Pakistan is exporting 68% of the export from its textile industry which is obviously impart a major part in Pakistan economy. During the development of more and more powerful and inexpensive computers, and faster, more reliable, and less expensive communication, energy utilities has increase the use of computers in the management of energy systems. For a few a years it has economically feasible to install more or less advanced energy control systems in industries and at other large customers premises. Energy Load Management is the concept of managing loads at the demand side in order to run the energy system more efficiently. The very basic principle is to try to move load from expensive to less expensive time period. Time period can be expensive for many different reasons, stemming from either production or distribution. good for you(p) Multi-agent system is the answer to question of todays energy management,Poverty AlleviationThe problem of poverty can only be solved through improving the total economic and social opportunities and equitable distributions of the benefits of growth to all peculiarly the poor thereby providing security to people who are unable to move into in the contribution of economic growth and governance. In the past decade, the advances in particular in the field of information technology have been so rapi d that it has changed the shape of all economic activities in the world, and pushing the world towards globalization. However, in Pakistan efforts were never made to deliver the benefits to the poor, like improved basic services including education, health care, and in equipping the poor with necessary information and skills to bring them into the mainstream of partnership so that they can be the productive partners. A outstanding transition in the global economy is taking place. The globalization movement, which involves new economic world order and trade arrangements, has put developed and alter nations in the forefront of commerce. Then there is the shift-taking place from the oil-powered economy to the technology-driven economy followed by digital economy. In both movements, the wealthy economies and affluent sections of society in these economies will control the origination, maintenance and continuous growth in the decades to come. Now is the opportunity, to open up a corri dor of empowerment for the poor. Otherwise, the poor will suffer even worst, resulting in a potential hot lid of social unrest. if left to market forces of digital economy, the poor will be left behind in light years, creating tension and potential disruption to society. Information technology can open up this corridor of opportunity and shall be used as a key to empowering the poor and thereby gaining information to shape better decisions to determine their own destiny. Information technology can empower the poor like never before.Positive Impact on International Foreign PoliciesIn a major foreign-policy speech at the University of Nebraska on December 8, 2000, President Clinton pointed out that there are 700 high-tech companies in Silicon Valley headed by Indians, and called for an end to the common cold war estrangement between the US and India, and the start of a systematic, connected relationship. Indian IT, in other words, is even making a substantiating impact on US forei gn policy, at least as perceived through Indian eyes There are, of course, many IT companies in the US headed by Pakistanis as well, and the IT sector in Pakistan too is flourishing. However, Pakistan seems to have lagged behind in its marketing of these skills. This is surely an area that we could cooperate in, in particular since the Indian IT industry is starved of qualified people. One area in both countries that does need special attention is IT education. The IT sector is highly labor-intensive, and the insufficiency of trained professionals could easily squander the positive international image that we have painstakingly built up.

Thursday, March 28, 2019

can you remember birth? Essay -- essays research papers

fit in to Freud, plurality ar unable to remember when they atomic number 18 born because it is a traumatic experience, and such experiences are placed in the unconscious, meaning they are forgotten, unintentionally. Being born is a traumatic experience because of the fact that a fetus is, basically, being pulled from an environment that it has gotten used to over the course of guild months. This environment is one in which in that location was food, warmth, and comfort. When the child is born, it comes into a cold, dry, bum place, totally unlike the warm, muffled sounds of the womb, and it is a shocking experience. For a newborn, this is non only too much for their brain to outgrowth, it shocks them into repression. In sociology, this rapid approach into a new world is known as culture shock, in which the subject being introduced has no idea where they are or what to do, and there is a typeface of panic. This panic causes the brain to lose the information, that is called repression. By definition, repression is the process by which the unpleasant or traumatic incident is pushed into the unconscious and forgotten. in that respect are virtually 100 billion different nerves and receptors in the brain of a newborn, but they work at such a rudimentary level, that they are incapable of holding that information. This could also be a reason why birth is a forgotten part of briospan and pushed to an unconscious level in the brain. The brain functions as the center of forgiving thought, and those thoughts that are unpleasant, or cause trauma, are, somehow, forgotten. This repression forces those thoughts away from the conscious brain. Some quite a little say that they confuse dreams of being born, and this is not totally ridiculous. These people have such dreams because the repressed memories are resurfacing in the dream, and people experience these visions. ofttimes times, they do not even remember having the dream or having the necromancer of being born because it is a part of the unconscious. Freud says that repression is one of the strongest and more or less regularly used defense mechanisms because it is easier to put something out of ones mind, than to filter out to ignore it (Wood 433). According to a study by Nelson and Ross in 1980, the by-line hypothesis was formedChildren would show early childhood amnesia and that this could be tested by comparing obtained e... ...hildren remember very few things that they motivation to, or the things that have not been repeated throughout their lives. Birth is an outlet in the life of a child that is very traumatic because of the type of culture shock that they experience. When pulled from their mothers womb, a child enters a cold world, where they are forced to breathe differently and are no longer secluded from the rest of the world around them and their mother. It is a memory board that is repressed unintentionally, but is still there, as Freud would tell one, without hes itation. The unconscious controls the instincts of people and reactions to the world around them, and is as much a part of life as the conscious mind or the preconscious mind, but serves the roll of a storage space or closet, in which humans hide their deepest thoughts and most unpleasant thoughts, as well. Those who are able to remember their birth are people that have something called total recall, which means they know and understand everything about their own life history, including the trauma of birth and all the unpleasant events that leave alone follow during their lifetime. But that is highly unlikely and these persons are few and cold between.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

Saboteur :: essays research papers

Analysts are liquid studying whether the two strips of cloth called breach hireer that are pigeon berry pop from the bottom of the orbiter could cause uneven heating during re-en establish that whitethorn constitute a threat to the craft and crew, the missions lead flight director, capital of Minnesota Hill, said in a press briefing this morning. If the analysts decide that the gap fillers do pose a threat, he said, the mission manager may call for a risky spacewalk and repair maneuver in which astronauts try to pull the tough material the rest of the way out, push it in or cut it off.Mr. Hill said a spacewalk repair was non likely but that his engineers and analysts were looking closely at the issue and that he could not rule one out. Gap fillers, as their name implies, fill the gaps that NASA leaves amongst some shuttle tiles to allow for expansion and contraction of the shuttles be from the extremes of heat and cold that it is exposed to. The fillers themselves are heat resistant, and are do of alumina-borosilicate fiber. Having gap filler poke its way out up from between tiles is not uncommon, but it could be a concern because it causes an uneven advance and can lead to unusual patterns of heating during re-entry. If a filler pokes out too much, especially if it is far forward on the shuttle so that its downstream heating affects a larger part of the shuttles belly, it could be a problem, Mr. Hill said.NASA, through a long examination of all old landings with protruding bits of gap filler, had found a comfort level with protrusions in the same areas that stick out a quarter of an inch, he said. just now the two pieces on this flight are one inch and six-tenths of an inch, he said.This shuttle and the space station open been outfitted with more cameras and sensors than forever before, and so they might be detecting something that has happened many times in the past it is possible that the feltlike material burns down during re-entry, and that longer protrusions have occurred in the past. But one quarter inch is within "our schematic wisdom," Mr. Hill said, and so the little strips of cloth have become an discriminating focus of aerodynamic analysis, he said.Aerodynamics experts have been studying the sizing and the position of the two gap filler protrusions, Mr.

Self-discovery, Destruction, and Preservation in Frankenstein Essay

Self-discovery, Destruction, and Preservation in Frankenstein bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein explores the tumble of certain human characteristics, set to the backdrop of creation, destruction, and preservation. The subtitle de noned by Shelly herself supports this idea, by relating the fact that the title can be viewed as either Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. One scholar, Marilyn Butler, overly maintains this by noting, It can be a late version of the Faust Myth(302). Shelly uses the story of the main character, Victor Frankenstein, to ready the concept of a dooming human characteristic of which Frankenstein states, I have . . . been diabolic in these hopes(Shelley, 152). The reader finds, as a result of his thirst for fellowship and infatuation with science, Victor creates a living being by whom he has suffered great and unparalleled misfortunes(Shelley, 17). Eventually, Victor realizes this self-destructive trait, but he is not able to save himself st ating, I have lost everything, and cannot begin conduct anew(Shelley, 16). Although everything in his life that is dear has been lost, Victor is able to allure one in his same position--Robert Walton--to not lead his crew unwillingly to risk(Shelley, 151). While addressing the concept of characteristic and self-discovery, it is possible to realize that the monster also possesses the characteristics held by both Victor and Walton except in his learning, the monster is control to continue to cause destruction. Most important about the thirst for noesis is that, as a form of human characteristic or downfall, it leads to large, diminutive pieces of self-discovery. In obtaining these critical pieces, Frankenstein finds satisfaction in j... ...s Frankenstein. New Haven Yale University Press, 1998. Butler, Marilyn. Frankenstein and understructure Science. Reprinted in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Norton Critical Edition. 1993 New York W. W. Norton, 1996. 302-313. Gilb ert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. Mary Shelleys Monstrous Eve. Reprinted in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Norton Critical Edition. 1979 New York W. W. Norton, 1996. 225-240. Moers, Ellen. Female Gothic The Monsters Mother. Reprinted in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Norton Critical Edition. 1976 New York W. W. Norton, 1996. 214-224. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. Norton Critical Edition. 1818 New York W. W. Norton, 1996. Storment, Suzanna. Frankenstein The Man and the Monster. Commentary page. October 2002. cap State University. 8 April 2003. http//www.wsu.edu/delahoyd/frank.comment3.html.

Tuesday, March 26, 2019

Maslow Essays -- essays research papers

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs & Myers-Briggs Type index numberIntroductionLike in sports, in business the performance of police squad is non just based on the private talents. It is also, and maybe as yet more, based on the global efficiency of the aggroup. To be efficient, a team leader ineluctably to en true that all the team players be twist at the same rope, towards the same direction. That first step ensures that all the zilch that is spent, is used in favor of the objective and not against it. A split second step is to set the team organization, in a way that each(prenominal) team member is in the position to deliver its maximum performance. To get at this possible, a team leader has to understand the individuals and interpersonal dynamics of the team. nature tests and concepts such as the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and the Myers-Briggs Type indication are two of the most used tools used by leading to understand and manage these dynamics. Criteria to use when sel ecting a team memberAn individuals resume will tell what one can do, only when it will not tell how well one will be able to do it, in a given team and situation. aggroup leaders father to select team members for skills but also for their potentiality to fit and perform well in the team. As Kris Frieswick says companies are increasingly taking steps to ensure that the hires they make are a good fit, not only with the job description but also with the people whom they will be breaking (Frieswick, 2004). While making sure that one will fit well in a work environment, it is also important to ensure that one will be move to perform well. Since management is all about getting things done by others, knowing what motivates and how to motivate others can improve the effectiveness of the managers. (Buhler, 2003). The selection parade used in the simulationThe members selected in the simulation are Daniel Nichols, Lisa Stafford, Nicola Minelli and prank Connor. They all are good perf ormers at work, which demonstrate that put in the right situation they can achieve and exceed their objectives. They all have different levels of aptitudes in areas such as manage conflicts, communicate with others, bump into a deadline, analyze and report on a situation or take the appropriate actions to solve a problem. All these aptitudes were required at different levels to complete the... ...while Perceivers will keep their mind opened for sunrise(prenominal) discussion and analysis. The Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsAs George Hayhoe says, Abraham Maslows theory of the hierarchy of fates holds that much of human behavior is motivated by insatiable needs and the lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed. (Hayhoe, 2004). Maslow defines the human needs in five categories, much represented as a pyramid. From the bottom, one can find the physiological need such as food and water. The second level is the need for safety, which includes physica l and emotional needs for safety. The third level is the amicable need, the need to belong to a group such as family or friends. The fourth level is the need for esteem such as universe appreciated and being confident. The fifth and last level is the need for self-actualization. In this highest category, the objective is to achieve a level of competency in a certain activity or mastery of a skill (Jones, 2004). It is not for individuals to feel being better than others are, is to have peace and satisfaction in who they are and what they are capable of doing (Jones, 2004).

Jane Eyre is a Feminist Novel Essay -- essays research papers

Jane EyreJane Eyre is a Feminist Novel.In the invigorated Jane Eyre, there is plenty of march to suggest that the tone of Jane Eyre is in fact a feminist saucy. This concord points out the times of unfairness in the Victorian society in the midst of men and women, where the man incessantly comes first and is the master of his wife and always the provider. There are many examples that show feminist acts that usually do non occur in the Victorian era, such as wiith bearing and integrity, Jane is able to break free from the role that the rest of the society has pull her in, which is uncommon in that time period. In the Victorian period women were to clean, cook, run care of kids, and whatever her husband might ask of her, so for Jane Eyre to be so in helpless it does make the novel a feminist novel which also becomes one of the first feminist novels.There is no head Jane Eyre is a feminist novel because of Janes independence, her character, the feelings she has on independ ence and wedding party, the symbolism, setting, and overall typography of the book.Jane Eyre immediately opens up the novel as an independent character. In a cruel household Jane is a niece of a very strict and mean(a) aunt, Mrs. Reed. In the very beginning the book opens with Jane sitting all alone(predicate) in a room reading a book by herself. This is the first sign of independence. Instead of being with her cousins she chooses to be alone. This is how Janes childhood is slice living in her aunts house, she tries to stay by herself.The adjacent sign of Janes independence is when she is sent away to school. At the school Jane does not get into a large group of relay stations. She stays with one friend her whole school career. This proves Jane does no... ...e Jane proves herself able to function, through the time she spends at tie up House, in a community and in a family. She will not depend solely on Rochester for love and she can be financially independent. Furthe rmore, Rochester is blind at the novels end and thus dependent upon Jane to be his guide.There is no doubt Jane Eyre is a feminist novel because of Janes independence, her character, the feelings she has on independence and marriage, the symbolism, setting, and overall theme of the book. Janes independence is unusual for strait-laced times and is one part of her characteristics that makes her a feminist. With Janes view on marriage and being one of the first feminists it makes the novel very feminist. The author Charlotte Bronte consistently made the victorian people believe women could lead an interesting of import life with her book Jane Eyre.

Monday, March 25, 2019

Beatrice in Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy and the Vita Nuova Essay

Beatrice in Dante Alighieris Divine Comedy and the Vita NuovaSe quanto infino a qui di lei si dicefosse conchiuso tutto in una loda,poco sarebbe a fornir questa vice.La bellezza chio vidi si trasmodanon pur di l da noi, ma certo io credoche only il suo fattor tutta la goda (Paradiso, XXX) In Dante and Difference, Jeremy Tambling asserts that Beatrice is throughout dealt with in the Commedia with the assumption that she leave already be a familiar figure in cabaret to make the point that the Commedia is not offering itself as a single, separate, free work. While I agree with Tamblings claim near the need to read the Commedia as a carve up of a greater work (and the possible ways of doing this are goallessVita Nuova a set for the Commedia, Commedia as sequel to Vita Nuova, etc) there is something inherently flawed with the first part of his statement the idea of Beatrice as familiar figure. For Beatrice is actually anything but familiar. Tambling is, of course, referring to the detail that any iodin reading the Commedia who has read the Vita Nuova will recognize Beatricebut the implication is that much(prenominal) a reader will waste more knowledge of her than soul reading Dante for the first time. In actual fact, the opposite is the case. In the Vita Nuova , we have accompanied Dante in his breathless chase through visions and painstaking re-writings, distend lies and fainting fits in the arguably vain attempt to make sense of, to runway or write down a woman who has always managed to be the proverbial two steps ahead. By the opening lines of the Inferno, Beatrice is only familiar in her unfamiliarity we know her as the one who escaped the Vita Nuova unnoted and unwritten, leaving Dante to no... ...tric question to represent all that he has been seeking and the etymon to be a mathematical or numerical Beatrice. If that is the case, then we baron be forgiven for suspecting that even if Dante has obtained the answer, he himself cannot deciphe r, let alone transcribe, her. Beatrice has escaped once again and the chase continues, in a motion that is described at one and the same time with the verb volgeva (think volgere, capovolgerewinding, turning on its head, ie both without end and dizzying and disorientating) and as a rota chigualmente mossa, an image that brings to mind both a alternate(prenominal) and thus endless motion (the circular turning of the wheel) as comfortably as a movement forward (the wheel as transportation). Lamor che move il sole e laltra stelle spurs Dante himself on, mystified by that which he cannot reach, seeking to write the ever-elusive Beatrice.

Buddhist and Hindu Temples Essay -- Religion, Cultures, Art

Hindoo and Buddhist cultures are both rich in religion and expressing their assent through art. The Buddhist culture was formed by Buddha who went out to display the causes of pain and vile. Once Buddha realized what the cause was, he provided a narrow of four guiding principles know as the Four Noble Truths that are exercised in Buddhism (Kleiner, p. 13). The Four Noble truths are Life is suffering, the cause of suffering is require, one flowerpot overcome and extinguish desire, the way to conquer desire and end suffering is to follow Buddhas Eightfold Path (p. 13). These truths are expressed in the following of Buddhism and commonly carried out through art. Buddhism is skillful throughout Southeast Asia and southern India where there is a strong heading of Buddhist artwork. This includes art in the form of statues, temples, paintings, and architecture. The two dominant forms or art are the stupas and the chaitya halls that often house the stupas. The Stupa is a r ound interment mound that is essential to the Buddhist religion. The stupa itself is not a tomb for the dead, plainly a housing of Buddha. These means of burial came into existence when Buddha died and was cremated. His remains were so dispusred throughout the burial housing that solid and round. These stupas could not be entered. Stupas can come in many contrasting sizes. There are take hold stupas, and there are giant structure stupas that represent a map of the universe. The most famous of the giant stupas is the Great Stupa of Sanchi. There are different separate of the structural stupas that represent different points in Buddhism. The main parts of the stopas are the domes shape itself, toranas, the harmika, the yasti, the three chatras, and a stone fenc... ...o Vishvanatha because as you mature towards the main tower, there are a series of towers that ascend in size. With Vishnu being the Preserver of the Universe, the quintet main towers at Angor Wat repres ent the five peaks of Mount Meru, which is the mountain at the center of the universe. When Suryavarman II died it is believed the temple inattentive him so he is worshiped as a god. Images and sculptures of Suryavarman II and Vishnu are delineate throughout the galleries of the tall towers of Angor Wat. Temples and structures represent religious ideals through the elaborate architecture. Hinduism and Buddhism trade similarities because of the depiction of gods in art forms. The buildings of temples are important elements in expressing faiths in the deities because of the preservation and worshipping that takes place in them.

Sunday, March 24, 2019

Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper :: essays research papers

Symbolism in The chickenhearted WallpaperThe Yellow Wallpaper is overflowed with symbolism. Symbols are images that have a meaning beyond them selves in a short story, a symbol is a detail, a character, or an incident that has a meaning beyond its literal authority in the narrative. Gilman uses symbols to tell her story of a womans custodytal state of being diminishes passim the story. The following paragraphs tell just some of the symbols and how I interpreted them, they could be read in many different agencys.The title itself, The Yellow Wallpaper, is symbolising the role men play in a patriarchal society, where men are the more dominant sex, and how women are trapped in a heart of male control. For instance, At night in any kind of light, in twilight, candlelight, lamplight, and worst of all moonlight, it becomes bars(Gilman 211) This shows how the narrator expressions trapped by the paper. another(prenominal) symbol that refers to the role women play is, And she is all t he time trying to come up through that pattern, it strangles so I think that is why it has so many heads.(Gilman 213) This is meaning that if a women tried to play a role in society she was just not taken seriously, or entangle same(p) trying to play a role was getting nowhere.The way Gilman describes the wallpaper tells of what the narrators mind is thinking, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a modest distance they suddenly commit suicide.(Gillman 206) She doesnt think this on the conscious take but more on the unconscious level. When the narrator writes, (The designs) destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions.(Gillman 206) She is speaking of her state of mind subconsciously, the narrator is on the room access of losing her mind at this point. Gillman writes, There is a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes discern at you upside down. (Gillman 207) She was explaining how the wallpaper is like a watchdog or a guar d of some type, watching her every move, naturally making her nervous.I think that the narrator feels much alone in life, even though she has a family who cares for her. She is clinically depressed so naturally she is going to feel isolated from the world. Speaking about a house that the narrator grew up in, she writes, and there was one chair that always seemed like a inviolate friend.

Opposing the Death Penalty Essay -- Against Capital Punishment Essays

Opposing the Death penalization chief city punishment is the infliction of the termination penalty on a person convicted of a crime. Executing convicted felons has been one of the most widely skillful take shapes of criminal punishment in the United States. However, this highly controversial form of punishment is not carried out in all of the states in the nation. Currently, the states that do not pr turn of eventsice the death penalty argon Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, trades union Dakota, Rhode Island, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Even for the states that do enforce the death penalty, it has been a matter of debate for many years. In this paper, I will review the major(ip) issues related to capital punishment with an emphasis on opposition to it. at that place be two groups who argue over the decision to take a persons life as a punishment for a crime. There are many points of discussion including whether or not it is a fitting and commonsense punishment, whether or not it acts as a deterrent to crime and whether or not it is morally neutral or morally wrong. These two classes of spate can be grouped together as the retentionists, and the abolitionists (Americana 596). For the retentionists, the main reasons they are in support of the death penalty are to take punish and to punish. Their main worry is the protection of society from dangerous criminals. The retentionists have about good ideas, but they are still very wrong. The abolitionists view the death penalty as morally and legally wrong. Further, they argue that it does not act as a deterrent for crime, it is irreversible and could be used on an innocent person, it is more expensive than imprisonment, and that those who are con... ...iego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1997?Capital Punishment.? Encyclopedia Americana. 1990 ed.Draper, Thomas. Capital Punishment. New York H.W. Wilson, 1985.Gibeaut, John. ?Death pen alty a lively issue.? Aug 2002 70-74. Criminal arbiter Periodicals Proquest. Roesch Library, Dayton. 18 October 2002. Leone, Bruno. ?Does Capital Punishment Deter Crime San Diego Greenhaven Press,Inc., 1998McMillon, Rhonda. ?Seeking a fair penalty.? Sep 2002 70-72. Criminal Justice Periodicals Proquest. Roesch Library, Dayton. 18 October 2002. Mitchell, Hayley. The Death Penalty. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2001Nathanson, Stephen. An mettle For and Eye? Oxford Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001Pohier, Jacques. ?The Death Penalty and Torture.? New YorkSeabury Press, 1979

Saturday, March 23, 2019

Exploring the Ruin of Man in Rappaccinis Daughter Essay -- Rappaccini

Exploring the Ruin of hu humanss in Rappaccinis Daughter Who will redeem man from his evil tendencies and his move state? Nathaniel Hawthorne in Rappaccinis Daughter delves into the nature of man and reveals that the evil imaginations and machinations of man may eventually lead to his part. Rappaccinis Daughter is a story trammel in the mid-nineteenth century in Padua, Italy, a country well know for its romantic stories and history. This period in time was marked by motley scientific discoveries, especially in medicine. This boom led to extensive debates on science and religion. There was the argument of whether or not to let things surpass naturally or to interfere with the processes of nature. It begins with a student, Giovanni Guasconti, who comes to the University of Padua to pursue his studies (Hawthorne 45) but locomote in love with Beatrice, the daughter of a very famous botanist Dr. Rappaccini who cultivates a poisonous garden. Despite the fact that Giovanni Guascont i had but a bare(prenominal) supply of gold ducats in his pocket, he took lodgings in a high and gloomy chamber... fit to have been the palace of a Paduan noble (Hawthorne 45). This been the first-class honours degree time he was out of his native sphere,... Giovanni was unused to Padua and missed Naples and the well-off sunshine of Southern Italy (Hawthorne 46). Giovanni portrays the generation in search of knowledge. Beneath his window was a garden consisting of a variety of plants which seemed to have been cultivated with majestic care (Hawthorne 46). Strategically located in the center of the garden was the ruin of a marble fountain...whose water continued to gush and sparkle into the sunbeams as cheerful as ever (Hawthorne 46) just as Beatrices sp... ... The myth of the garden Nathaniel Hawthornes Rappaccinis Daughter. Studies in the Literary Imagination II, 1969, (pp. 3-12) Evans, Oliver Allegory and Incest in Rappaccinis Daughter 19th cytosine Fiction Vol. 19, 1964, ( pp. 185-195) Genesis The Bible Hawthorne, Nathaniel The House of Seven Gables (1851) http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/sg10.html September 1998, (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel The stain Faun (1859-60) http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/mf19.html September 1998 (December 1998) Hawthorne, Nathaniel Rappaccinis Daughter American Short Stories (1820 to the present). Jones, Madison Short novel Criticism Vol. 3 1989 (pp. 191-193) Kloeckner, Alfred The flower and the Fountain Hawthornes chief symbols in Rappaccinis Daughter American Literature Vol. 38, 1966-67 (pp323 -331)

Health Pathway Case Study Essay examples -- Nursing and Midwifery Prof

This paper discusses the unsatisfactory businessal conduct displayed by the clinical Specialist nurse (CNS) in the provided case study. There be four main points of conduct that need to be discussed firstly the neediness of an appropriate assessment of the patients condition being underinterpreted. secondly the obvious lack of appropriate documentation that was recorded during and after the consultation. third the fact the medical officer (MO) was never informed nor did any requests be made for the doctor to examine the patient. Finally the illegal dispensing of an S11 prescription medicate that being the Panadeine Forte the CNS gave to the client at the hospital and the sheaf she dispensed for him to take home. The nurse did not practise in a safe and competent Manner (2013, p. 2), in accordance with the standards of the profession and broader health system (2013, p. 2) nor did shepractise and conduct herself in accordance with the laws relevant to the profession and practic e of nursing (2013, p. 2). These are Statements 1, 2 and 3 consecutively of the open fireon of professional conduct for nurses in Australia. Unsatisfactory professional conduct can be defined as any practice under taken by a health professional which is deemed considerably below the standards anticipate of said professionals training and experience or includes any violations of National law, and/or breaches of the code of professional conduct for Nurses and Midwives in Australia (2013, p. 2) ( maestro standards) (Definition of Unsatisfactory Professional manners and Professional Misconduct). In this case the CNS stated she had around xx years experience in Emergency Nursing including taking an progress trauma course (2012, p. 8)Thereby not acting within he... ...ved May 1st, 2014, from Australasian legal infromation institute http//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/repealed_act/nama1991223/s4.htmlplanning, S. a. (2012, April 10th). Rural Adult Emergency Clinical Guidelines 3rd Edition Version 3.1 2012. Retrieved May 5th, 2014, from NSW government health http//www0.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/gl/2012/pdf/GL2012_003.pdfProfessional standards. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15th, 2014, from Nurses and midwifery board New south Wales http//nursesstaging.elcom.com.au/professional-standards/default.aspxServices, L. a. (17, November 2013). Medication Handling in NSW Public Health Facilities. Retrieved May 10th, 2014, from NSW government Health http//www0.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/pd/2013/pdf/PD2013_043.pdfStaunton, P. C. (2013). law for Nurses and Midwives (7th ed.). (D. Vukelich, Ed.) Chatswood, NSW, Australia ELsevier.

Vivisection: Is it for you? Essay -- Animal Testing Papers

Vivisection Is it for you? wildcat Research has be jazz a change debate over the ag unrivalled few decades, reaching a utmost point around the finale of the twentieth century yet it palliate continues done today. There ar two main ways to forecast at this topic the password pro side and the pathos anti side. Those who are for savage examination realize the amazing benefits that can come out of such look for while those against fauna(prenominal) interrogation impasse up for animals rights and try to realize ways to separate such look without killing so umteen innocent, defenseless animals. While two sides reckon to carry their argument well, those against animal examination ruin their ethos by do their argument an emotional i while those who are for animal testing build their ethos by bad logical reasoning for testing animals. Exploring both sides deeper should help provide a clear stance for each one.Those who home behind animal testing usually tend to be groups of scientists as well as animal testing companies. One such company, Huntingdon, argues that animal testing is a indispensable evil. While nobody enjoys killing animals, Huntingdon suggests it is incumbent by showing us that millions of people have been saved through various trading operations that would not have been able to have been preformed if it had not been for animal testing. On one if its web pages, Huntingdon statedHere is a nominate of the average number of operations performed in the UK in a form 3,000,000 operations under ecumenical anesthetic, 90,000 cataract operations, 60,000 joint replacements, 13,000 coronary bypasses, 10,000 pacemakers implanted, 6,000 heart valve repairs or replacements, 4,000 heart defects corrected, 2,500 corneal transplants, 2,000 kidney transplants, cd heart/lu... ...mbine our ideas and use computer simulations when come-at-able and animal testing lonesome(prenominal) when necessary, miracles can happen. Works CitedMichae l, Mike. Views From Behind the lug beast Rights Campaigners Have left-hand(a) Researchers Feeling Under Siege. New Scientist 134 (4 April 1992) Online. grow Academic Index. Article come up A12410157.Sandler, Jessica. PETA Says No to Testing. Earth Island Journal 17.3 (Autumn 2002) Online. spread out Academic Index. Article fig A89392654.Lewis, David. Molecular Modeling as an utility(a) to Animal Testing. Manufacturing Chemist 63.12 (December 1992) Online. expand Academic Index. Article Number A13522944.Huntingdon action Sciences Working for a better future The benefits of animals in scientific research. 31 March 2003. . Vivisection Is it for you? Essay -- Animal Testing PapersVivisection Is it for you?Animal Research has become a heated debate over the past few decades, reaching a high point around the end of the twentieth century yet it still continues through today. There are two main ways to look at this topic the logos pro side and the p athos anti side. Those who are for animal testing realize the amazing benefits that can come out of such research while those against animal testing stand up for animals rights and try to find ways to better such research without killing so many innocent, defenseless animals. While both sides seem to carry their argument well, those against animal testing ruin their ethos by making their argument an emotional one while those who are for animal testing build their ethos by giving logical reasoning for testing animals. Exploring both sides deeper should help provide a clear stance for each one.Those who stand behind animal testing usually tend to be groups of scientists as well as animal testing companies. One such company, Huntingdon, argues that animal testing is a necessary evil. While nobody enjoys killing animals, Huntingdon suggests it is necessary by showing us that millions of people have been saved through various operations that would not have been able to have been pre formed if it had not been for animal testing. On one if its web pages, Huntingdon statedHere is a list of the average number of operations performed in the UK in a year 3,000,000 operations under general anesthetic, 90,000 cataract operations, 60,000 joint replacements, 13,000 coronary bypasses, 10,000 pacemakers implanted, 6,000 heart valve repairs or replacements, 4,000 heart defects corrected, 2,500 corneal transplants, 2,000 kidney transplants, 400 heart/lu... ...mbine our ideas and use computer simulations when possible and animal testing only when necessary, miracles can happen. Works CitedMichael, Mike. Views From Behind the Barricade Animal Rights Campaigners Have Left Researchers Feeling Under Siege. New Scientist 134 (4 April 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number A12410157.Sandler, Jessica. PETA Says No to Testing. Earth Island Journal 17.3 (Autumn 2002) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number A89392654.Lewis, David. Molecular Modeling as an Alternative to Animal Testing. Manufacturing Chemist 63.12 (December 1992) Online. Expanded Academic Index. Article Number A13522944.Huntingdon Life Sciences Working for a better future The benefits of animals in scientific research. 31 March 2003. .