In her novel Charlotte Bronte details and develops the life and experiences of narrator and main character William Crimsworth

In her novel The Professor, author Charlotte Bronte details and develops the life and experiences of narrator and main character William Crimsworth. After graduating from Eton College in England, Crimsworth is in need of an occupation. He stubbornly refuses offers from his uncles, and consequently finds himself with no other choice than to work for his tyrannical brother in the menial position of clerk. However, his conditions soon become unbearable, and through an acquaintance's recommendation, William secures himself employment as a professor at a boys' school in Brussels. William's arrival in Belgium presents him with new opportunities both professionally and personally, as he almost immediately meets two women who are to change his existence dramatically: Zoraide Reuter and Frances Henri. Bronte creates and emphasizes many differences and similarities between these two women using various techniques and methods, which primarily include comparison and contrast. Zoraide and Frances each have their own significant and individual role in the life of and interaction with William Crimsworth. Each woman possesses different kinds of physical and mental attributes, comes from a unique background, and enters into and affects his life in a contrasting way. These differences, along with a few similarities, are explored through the author's use of imagery and irony. Initially, Zoraide and Frances become involved in Crimsworth's life in completely dissimilar ways. These conditions reflect a hint of irony, as their initial roles are complete reversals of their ultimate functions. Zoraide and William's initial encounter is one that has been arranged by her mother, who has offered him a teaching position at the girls' school over which Zoraide presides as directress. Thus, Zoraide appears suddenly and pronouncedly; the importance of her and Crimsworth's interactions, and her influence upon his life and work are immediately made evident. Their relationship is established as one in which she is his superior both in position and in age. However, a romantic possibility is also suggested in the scene containing their introduction. While walking together in her garden, William implicitly compares Mdlle. Reuter's form to the â€Å"well-trimmed beds and budding shrubberies† of her garden, and her complexion to â€Å"the bloom on a good apple† (108). William and Zoraide's affections are further developed in this natural setting, as the majority of their romantic interactions take place in her garden, a sort of forbidden Garden of Eden into which she allows him access. The nature and plant imagery that pervades his descriptions is continued throughout the novel and is also used in portrayals of the other primarily influential character in his life: Mdlle. Frances Henri. As opposed to the entrance of Mdlle. Reuter, Frances arrives in William's life quietly and without notice as a sewing teacher of whom he has previously observed but never taken notice. This condition is made evident in his statement, â€Å"A†¦ maitresse I sometimes saw†¦ but of her I never had a more than passing glimpse†¦ I had no opportunity of studying her character or†¦ observing her person† (132-133). Her important and influential role develops gradually throughout the subsequent months. She later becomes one of his pupils, thus establishing their relationship as one in which William is the superior: he is the authoritarian teacher and she the submissive student. However, as her intellect and admirable nature soon become apparent, Crimsworth's regard and affection for her grow and develop. In response to his newly displayed attentions and consideration, Frances â€Å"blossoms† both physically and mentally. This nurturing relationship is manifested in the metaphor that compares her to a plant and Crimsworth to its caring gardener (176). In yet another nature-related metaphor, she is compared to a â€Å"lost jewel†¦ nestling in the mossy and mouldy roots of yew-trees† (194). Crimsworth's many descriptions of each woman play an integral role in the development of both their physical features and mental attributes. Although plant and floral imagery is used in the portrayals of both women, there are metaphors drawn between other natural elements that highlight the differences between them. An aspect of descriptive imagery in which the two women differ completely, is that of fire and temperature. Zoraide is constantly being related to coldness and ice; her gaze is described as â€Å"hard, dark,† her eye as glittering with â€Å"nothing of a flame ever kindled in its temperate gleam† (180,183). Furthermore, as William becomes further acquainted with Mdlle. Reuter, she essentially â€Å"withers† as her true nature is discovered. This condition is made evident when she and Crimsworth return to the bench in her garden, once a place of affection and fascination for him, which has now been transformed into a location of cold, emotional emptiness, due to his discovery of her real character (181-185). Zoraide's true nature is a manipulative one, which is exhibited and manifested several times in the course of the novel through her actions. For example, upon realizing that she has lost Crimsworth's regard (due to her own manipulations and dishonesty), Zoraide immediately results to underhanded methods in an attempt to regain his affection. She uses false flattery of William, and criticism and condescension of Frances hidden under a guise of concern in order to elevate her own status and appearance ( ). In contrast, Frances is constantly being associated with warmth and fire; her eye is portrayed as clear and light, her countenance as bright and warm, â€Å"glowing in the animated flush†¦ shining in the expansive light [of] the summer sun flashing out†¦ urning almost like fire† (195). Mdlle. Henri is likened to fire, light, and warmth over and over again throughout the novel, as the â€Å"silent possessor of†¦ a flame†¦ of passion† (196). As a further testimony to the importance of their association, without Crimsworth, she has grown â€Å"wasted and pale,† her blaze â€Å"humble[d]†¦ to embers† (195, 196). This imagery further reiterates the appropriateness of her and Crimsworth's relationship, as he himself is often described as the possessor of an inward fire, his heart burning and â€Å"hot within [him]† (181). Such interactions and descriptions develop the nature and character of the principal relationships of the work. As far as character is concerned, Mdlle. Reuter and Mdlle. Henri have defining character traits that are quite opposite from one another. The true nature of each woman is made evident as the novel progresses and their respective relationships with William develop. The expression of these internal characteristics, in turn, contributes to Crimsworth's desire for each woman. Although it is Zoraide to who he is initially attracted, her inconsistencies and shallow nature result in a short and meaningless romance. Her presence is aggressive and noticeable; she makes her romantic feelings for Crimsworth obvious, and then engages in psychological and emotional â€Å"games† with him. They participate in an almost â€Å"cat and mouse† relationship, with each individual constantly trying to gain the upper hand and outsmart the other. William's affections for and infatuation with her are short-lived as a result of her deceitful character and lack of integrity. Frances, on the other hand, possesses much more dignity and humility than Zoraide, and never engages in deceitful and base actions. She maintains a quiet and demure, almost unnoticeable existence. Her feelings for William are not discovered until much later in the novel, and are not revealed as a result of her actions but are rather made known through his own pursuits. The more lasting and true love is formed with Frances, who is the possessor of redeeming and admirable qualities-she is the embodiment of all that composes a truly â€Å"good† individual. These characteristics form the kind of foundation upon which a steady and real love can be based, and thus, it is this relationship that develops harmoniously and remains intact throughout the novel. Her love and compassion ensure the marriage just as Mdlle. Reuter's dishonesty and selfishness ensure her downfall. Another note of irony enters the novel here, as it is Mdlle. Reuter who has had a more formal and proper upbringing, while Mdlle. Henri was raised in virtual poverty and want, with almost no formal education. Thus, it should be Zoraide who is the possessor of these more â€Å"lady-like† qualities. This difference in background and its end result further reflects the contrasts in the inherent nature of each woman, elevating the reader's view Frances and reducing that of Zoraide. In the final chapters of The Professor, Frances finds herself in the position of directress of a school that she and William have founded and thus maintains the same occupation as Mdlle. Zoraide. This condition serves to heighten both the similarities and contrasts of the two women. Bronte characterizes and explores the two primary women characters of Zoraide Reuter and Frances Henri in her work The Professor through the use of comparison and contrast. These two individuals are defined through their relationship with the narrator and main character, William Crimsworth. These interactions are developed through the revelation of certain characteristics and information that pertain specifically to each woman. In turn, imagery and irony develop and add depth to these qualities, which include physical and mental attributes, background and history, and intrinsic disposition and nature. Without the skillful use of these devices, the characters in the novel would not appear so realistic and possess such a great degree of depth and complexity.

Abortion: What Is the Reaction of the Society Essay

In today’s society moral standards of society, are becoming more & more justified. Abortions are becoming a controversial issue in the American society. It should be supported because of woman rights, rape & incest and health in women that could be a life and death situation that they may not be able to carry their unborn babies to full term. First, not to mention 1920 changed everything giving woman the right to vote and make their own choices and decisions. Woman now have rights to be able to get pregnant & not have to carry their babies to full term. Women also, are able to make choices about their bodies & reproductive lives without having a law placed on it. (Roe v. Wade 1). Secondly, woman who has been raped should have a choice. The woman is going through enough stress and trauma. So, carrying a baby for nine months is going to put a lot of stress on the mother. It will break her down physically, mentally and emotional. She just went through terrible act of injustices. The woman would be reminded of the committed violence against her that she won’t be in a good state of mind to take care of the child properly. So, that case abortion will be the best option. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay In addition, my girlfriend was a victim of rap and she has a daughter who doesn’t live with her, but her grandmother decided to take her in. My girlfriend isn’t able to take care of her daughter as she would like too. The father isn’t in the child’s life since she’s been born. Also, my girlfriend is having a hard time finding a way to tell her daughter who’s her father and why he isn’t in her life. This is a case abortion would be acceptable. Third, some women aren’t always that successful carrying their baby to full term. The health of the woman can cause her to have to terminate her pregnancy. It is very rare when abortion is required to save the mother’s life. When two lives are threatened and only one can be saved, doctors must always save that life. There are many more ways a woman that has health problems that would need to terminate her pregnancy. For example, a woman with HIV, a woman who’s on drugs really heavy, an STD that caused the amino fluid to leak out etc. To conclude, abortion is a controversial manner it has its pro’s and con’s on how a person should go about trying to have an abortion. It’s a widespread topic that can be justified by three main areas, rape, the health of the woman who’s not able to keep their child full term, also women having rights and choices about their own body. Many people today have their own personal beliefs on how abortion should be used in today’s society.

Globalisation and business enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Globalisation and business enterprise - Essay Example ANZ has on offer a wide range of financial related products and also services. The bank has a global presence. The bank has branches in Asia, United Kingdom, Europe, the Pacific region, and also in the United States. It is considered as one among world’s 100 largest banking organizations. Global recession is said to be a period of time when global economy slows down considerably. In the recent times, the world economy entered into recession since the year of 2008. Due to crisis occurring because of sub-prime scenario the trade of both goods and assets decreased throughout the world. Business cycle related correlation had increased during the sub-prime crisis. Due to this trade of goods as well as GDP relative financial openness also increased. But the needed change in allocation of this goods and trade was not properly correlated with the shifting of the business cycle synchronization. Due to this scenario through out the world the global economic has seen a severe decline and for this reason the world’s financial situation has been affected in almost every sector (Imbs, 2009). ANZ National Bank in New Zealand has an omnipotent presence in the lives of people of the country. It has touched their lives through a wide range of scenario. It is one of the highest profit and asset making companies of the country. They have around 9,000 employees in the bank through out the country. The bank is a financial source for home loans. It also generates Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the country’s economy. It has associated itself with charitable events and also other events of sponsorship (ANZ National Bank Limited, 2010). In the present day, globalization has changed the way business is done. It has made business organizations to think of global trade and potential of growth in the overseas market. It is considered that global trade has a possibility of changing the standard of living of people by improving

Exam 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam 3 - Assignment Example African-American music is derived from the characteristically polyrhythmic music of Africa’s ethnic groups, in particular those in the Sub-Saharan, Sahelean, and Western regions. African oral traditions encourage the use of music to relay messages, ease suffering, teach lessons, and convey history, which are key features of African-American music. The African pedigree of African-American music is apparent in some common features: Complex multi-part harmony, melisma, the use of falsetto, blue notes, swung notes, improvisation, percussion, syncopation, and call and response (Www.blackartdepot.com). When it comes to music, the use of soprano voices is usually associated with women; it is uniquely ‘female’. Although nowadays a lot of male can come up with soprano in their music, it is still considered feminine. There are a lot of female artists who do this e.g. Beyonce, Mariah Carey etc. Another feature is in film and visual arts, where long hair, weaves, or braided hair are considered uniquely feminine. In a lot of movies, it is the women who have plaited hair. It is a feminine feature, even though; some men have plaited hair in films and movies. 6. Since much of postmodern literature, architecture, and art are considered â€Å"funny,† explain why humor and parody appear so essential to postmodern expression. Provide examples to defend your point of view. When it comes to humor and parody, is the inclination of postmodern culture, theorists, and artists, to be parodic or playful. Certainly, films or shows will frequently step outside of representation that is mimetic all in all so as to make themselves humorous in mid-stride. Hutcheon explained that Parody- often called ironic intertextuality, appropriation, pastiche, or quotation—is frequently regarded as being essential to postmodernism expressions, both by its defenders and detractors. While the vital concern, of

Uprisings of Soviet Union Satellite Countries Essay

Uprisings of Soviet Union Satellite Countries - Essay Example In the 1960s Czechoslovakia, though still a satellite of the Soviet Union was starting to display a certain degree of independence from the Soviet Union. By early 1968, the reformers had gained sufficient strength in the political apparatus to install Ludvik Svoboda as President and Alexander Dubcek as head of the Communist Party. These two took Czechoslovakia onto a path of economic reforms and provided greater press and travel freedoms, and as a result, Czechoslovakia became the most liberal Communist state in the world, with the people enjoying the newly available freedoms. This state of affairs was not to remain for long, as this state of affairs in Czechoslovakia, was alarming to the Soviet Union. Through negotiations, an agreement was reached between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union to slow down the pace of reforms in the country, in an attempt to reduce the alarm of the Soviet Union. However, on August 20, 1968, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries of East Germany , Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria struck with lightening speed and massive force, so that within a week there more than half a million of these forces spread all over Czechoslovakia. Against this massive military might, the people of Czechoslovakia responded not through military means, but through nonviolent resistance. The Soviets responded with political manipulation and economic pressure that saw the Czechoslovakian leadership gradually give way. The intense initial resistance against the Soviet Union slowly eroded to a disgruntled complacency.

Human Research Precis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Research Precis - Coursework Example Notably, the physician must be certain that the treatment option that they recommend is best while still upholding the patient’s rights. If for instance a randomized clinical test is being conducted to compare treatment option A and B, and the physician openly prefers treatment option A, they must inform the patient about their preference but should not force them into buying into their preference. All physicians have an obligation to obtain their patients informed consent to treatment and can attain this by explaining to the patient the benefits and risks of the preferred alternative and alternative option and allow the patient to choose their preferred choice if that is possible. A reasonable alternative is to undertake treatment alternative A or allow the patient to participate in a randomized clinical test comparing the treatment options. Apparently, when a trial is available, enrollment in a haphazard clinical test is a superior therapeutic alternative. Respect for patient’s values is a central purpose of informed consent and physicians must consider it in delivering treatment. Marquis further notes that some patients might prefer participating in a randomized study that will positively contribute to medical progress and development or discovery of aspects that will improve the health of patients in future rather than simply following the unfounded recommendations of physicians. Noteworthy, a physician can recommend a treatment as well as ask the patient whether they are willing to partake a randomized clinical test just to ensure that their consent freely expressed. What’s more, an opportunity to contribute in randomized clinical trials is ethically permissible and morally obligatory. The dilemma of whether to involve patients in randomized clinical tests can be resolved by taking informed consent earnestly. Offering patients a chance to participate in the randomized

Concussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concussion - Essay Example This can either cause a direct injury to the brain to produce swelling or formation of a hematoma (blood clot) that compress over different brain structures (Starkey, 2013). Concussion may or may not be associated with loss of consciousness. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache, unsteady gait, photophobia, retrograde amnesia and disorientation of other neurological functions. There are four grading of concussion depending on signs and symptoms of the patient (Barry, Dillingham and McGuire, 2002). When the severity of damage to the brain tissue is more, patient presents with more deteriorating signs and symptoms and graded high on the grading scale. Management and rehabilitation plan also depends on the severity or grading and the frequency of head injury. As injury is internal, much focus is on rest during rehabilitation process for healing. Sport players are asked to abstain from contact activities to prevent any superimposed injury that can result in â€Å"second impact syndrome† (Barry, Dillingham and McGuire,

Post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post - Assignment Example On the same note, some questions were surprising, especially those that were out of context by regional and national boundaries. This is due to the fact that there are certain nature variables that may not be of interest to an individual but impacts significantly to nature. For instance, country interdependence is primarily viewed as an enterprising activity (Laposata & Pratte 355). However, ecological footprint has a different idea on the same matter and in the context of nature. The calculator asked about percentage of processed and packaged rather than locally grown food. This is because; the processing of packaging of food is characterized by activities that heighten humanity’s demands on nature than growing of food locally. This shows that an individual has demands on nature both locally and beyond borders, since processed and packaged foods are not necessarily locally produced. In the determining ecological footprint, the calculator should also take into account professional advice on humanity-nature relationships. In doing so, the results produced are likely to be more accurate, rather than point in time approximations of humanity’s demands on

What is the evidence for the Big Bang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is the evidence for the Big Bang - Essay Example The primary focus of the essay is to capture the essence of the Big Bang theory and present to the reader evidence that proves that the Big Bang notwithstanding its flaws is still the most accepted theory that explains the evolution of our Universe. There is both, observational and mathematical evidence that corroborate the validity of the assumptions of the Big Bang Theory. To a curious mind gazing up from down below, the truth about the origin and evolution of the cosmos might still look like the hazy fleeting stars that sit millions of light years away. It was not just the tension-gripped scientists at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) who tried to uncover the mysteries and validate the theories of the origin of the universe with the large hadron collider experiment. From the breakthrough Hubble made to the particle accelerator at CERN, the question of the origin and evolution of the Universe continues to remain pivotal in cosmology and the mind of every human bein g. One theory pertaining to the evolution and origin of the Universe that has emerged as a demigod in cosmology is the Big Bang Theory. Largely accepted, evidenced and validated the Big Bang theory has, for over a century now, been the centre point of almost all experiments and studies pertaining to this topic. The purpose of this paper is to establish the validity of the Big Bang through scientific evidence.... billion years ago, the Universe erupted from a single point of energy, wherein all matter that exists today was condensed in that tiny speck which exploded with an inconceivable force. This force sent outward splattering chunks of the Universe which created billions of galaxies and galactic bodies that exist in our Universe. The essence of the theory, however, is that the Universe has reached its current state by expanding rapidly from an extreme condition of density and temperature and to this day continues to expand and cool. Bound by human imagination and understanding it is difficult to comprehend what the Big Bang must have been like. It could have been nothing like hydrogen explosions today as there was no space or time prior to the Big Bang, in fact, space was created as the singularity expanded and formed the Universe. Rapid cooling caused atoms to form which later clouded together to form galaxies. The theory rests on the cosmological principle that the Universe is homogenou s and isotropic. Vesto Slipher, Lemaitre and Hubble were the founding members of the Big Bang Theory. 2.1. Misconceptions About the Big bang Theory It is commonly believed that there was an explosion that erupted and consequently created the Universe. However, evidence that has been collected and validated over the past century does not exactly prove or disprove this. The Universe can be imagined as a balloon continuously stretching to create space. Another common misconception pointed out by German cosmologist Rudolf Kippenhahn, regarding the theory is the negation of the concept of singularity. It is believed by some that there was a cosmic egg existing in space, however, there was no space or time before the Big Bang and both were in fact created after the Big Bang. Esteemed cosmologist

Occupy Wall Street Movement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Assignment Example Thus, it can broadly be stated that all the aforementioned issues ultimately paved the way towards the emergence of this particular movement (Kim, 2011). The paper intends to analyze the moral as well as the economic implications involved in the movement. Various aspects such as the analysis of the identified implications against the Kantian, utilitarian as well as virtue ethics and the determination of the individuals or entities liable for income disparity along with inappropriate wealth distribution particularly in the US will be taken into concern. Besides, a suggestion regarding an equitable outcome from the movement that would be appropriate for capitalistic society and the prediction concerning whether the movement will continue, fad away or turn into another perspective will also be discussed in the paper. The moral implications that have been involved in the movement i.e. Occupy Wall Street movement contain numerous important aspects that include the contemplation of individual responsibility instead of moral responsibility and predominance of self-interest. With regard to the moral implications, the movement has been viewed to remain significantly focused upon determining the role of hierarchical authorities that is based upon wealth or different sources of power. In accordance with the viewpoints of the protestors of the movement, the role of any government is to safeguard as well as to empower every citizen of a nation through enhancing different avenues of growth. In this similar context, the areas include health as well as education, transportation, public infrastructure, trade policies, art and culture, scientific research, public lands, and resources. It has been viewed that the movement relating to moral implications has been based upon certain moral guidelines.

Supporting teaching and Learning Essay Example for Free

Supporting teaching and Learning Essay Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education 1.1 Local education authorities are funded by the government to ensure that every three and four year old child has access to free part-time education. Fill in the missing words and numbers in the following paragraph below: Every three and four year old child is entitled to early year’s education in an inspected setting which is found to be . The funding is available for hours a week for weeks of the year. Free places are available in a number of settings including: school nurseries, and private day nurseries. Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. 1.2 Explain the post-16 options for young people and adults 1.3 Patrick has left school at 16 with 5 GCSEs and is unsure about what to do next. He is interested in a career in physical education. What education and training options are available to him? Carry out independent research to see what options Patrick has. Patrick’s options Positive aspects Negative aspects 2.1 Within a school there are different people with various roles, all of which are necessary to ensure the smooth running of the school. Complete the table below to show the responsibilities of the school governors, senior management team, teachers, support staff and the SENCO (Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator) Job role Responsibilities School governors Volunteers who ensure the school provides a good quality education. Set the aims and policies of the school. Set the schools budget. Senior management team Teachers Support staff SENCO 2.2 As a teaching assistant you may be expected to work alongside many different educational professionals. Talk to your class teacher or SENCO about the various educational professionals who visit the school and what  they do. These may include speech therapists, child psychologists and other support workers who visit the school. Write an overview of what the educational professionals do in your school. 3.1 Each school will have a mission statement, ethos, aims and values. Describe the following terms: Ethos Mission Aims Values 3.2 Ask your school if you can have a copy of its mission statement. Alternatively, this information is often available on the school website. Think about how the ethos, mission statement, aims and values of a school may be reflected in your working practice while at the school. Fill out the table to show the different methods of communicating a school’s ethos, mission statement, aims and values and evaluate the differing methods. Ensure that you look at the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Methods of communicating Advantages Disadvantages

Investment Appraisal Report Example

Investment Appraisal Report Example Re: Investment in Kingfisher Plc Following our conversation earlier, I have prepared a report into Kingfisher Plc to help you with your investment decision. I have split this report into two sections, to help you analyse the company’s financial management practices and also to determine what represents a fair price for the company’s shares. As we discussed earlier, when making any investment it is vital to consider the financial management policies and practices of the company. These include what the company invests in; how these investments perform; how the company raises funds to invest; and how the company treats its profits. As such, the first part of this section will address these four sections in turn, and how these affect the performance of the company. The second section will address the fair value of the shares of the company. This is because, whilst the company may perform well, if the shares are purchased for more than a fair value, based on the company’s ability to earn, they may not provide a good return to an investor. I hope this report will be of interest to you, please let me know if you have any questions about any aspects. Part A)  Financial Management Investments Kingfisher’s primary investment over the past five years has been in tangible assets, such as property, plant and equipment, which have made up over fifty percent of total assets over the past five years. The majority of the remaining assets are composed of goodwill, with small amounts devoted to pension plans, financial derivatives and other intangible assets. This can be seen in the table below: Table of non current asset values for Kingfisher Group Plc (all in  £ millions) Assets 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Property, Plant and Equipment 3041 2781 3032 3265 3211 3698 Goodwill 2652 2455 2463 2559 2552 2532 Other Assets 309 146 289 354 380 532 (Source: Kingfisher, 2008) The main trend in the assets of Kingfisher has been a steady rise in the value of property, plant and equipment as well as other assets. The main change in the other assets is a rise in the level of post employment benefits; deferred tax assets; and derivative financial instruments, which were not on the balance sheet in 2003 but have a total value of over  £200 million in 2008. In addition, the drop in all values from 2003 to 2004 is a result of the disposal of the Chartwell Land property portfolio, which resulted in a reduction in the value of all asset classes due to the transfer of goodwill associated with the property sold. From 2004 onwards, the company has engaged in a significant expansion program based on organic growth and the opening of new stores. This has naturally increased the value of the total property, plant and equipment; with a small drop in 2007 where the company disposed of some of its less profitable stores. This balance in assets is largely expected because Kingfisher is a retail group, operating stores such as BQ, Screwfix, Castorama, and Brico Depot. As such, the group’s main source of income comes from sales from these stores; hence these stores are the most valuable asset the group owns. In addition, the company maintains a diverse portfolio of businesses across the UK, France and other countries including the Republic of Ireland, Poland, Italy, Spain, Turkey and China. In order to operate in these countries, the group needs to own assets such as stores, offices, and distribution networks. This further increases the percentage of total assets which will be taken up by property, plant and equipment. With regards to the level of goodwill, this became quite high prior to 2003, but has stayed quite constant over the period of the study. This indicates that a significant proportion of the business’ assets have been purchased for more than their book value. This is possibly how the group has managed to obtain such a large portfolio of businesses, and particularly how it has managed to ensure that all of its businesses are in the top three of the domestic markets. However, over the period of the study, the group has not experienced a significant increase or decrease in the level of goodwill, which implies that it has not significantly expanded its portfolio through acquisitions, and the majority of the increase in the value of the total assets has come through organic growth or purchases at close to book value. This is slightly complicated by the group’s goodwill policy, which makes an assessment of the ability of acquired businesses to generate cash each year, and amort ises the level of goodwill to compensate. As such, it is possible that the group has invested a significant amount in buying new businesses, and the value of the goodwill from these businesses has since fallen. However, the annual reports mention that new stores are being opened, not bought, which implies that the group’s expansion policy is to open new stores, rather than acquire existing ones from competitors. Investment appraisal Investment appraisal is generally done on a per project basis, with a company projecting the cashflows, both positive and negative, associated with a project; and then calculating whether the net cashflow will be positive or negative, and by how much. This value can be calculated based on either the absolute value of the cashflows, or on the discounted value of the cashflows which takes into account the fact that cashflows occurring in later years will be less valuable due to inflation and other factors (Knott, 2004). However, when considering an investment in Kingfisher, this methodology is not appropriate, as the company is a continuous operation with no definite start or end point. Indeed, all the new stores the company opens are intended to remain operational for the foreseeable future, hence making it very difficult to calculate their rates of return and net present values. Whilst the company will undoubtedly have an internal method for doing this, perhaps taking the cashflows f or the first five years of operations, this method is not detailed in the annual reports. Nor does Kingfisher reveal details of the exact costs of the investment into stores or their cashflows in the annual reports, thus making it impossible to attempt such an analysis with the available data. As such, it is necessary to analyse the performance of Kingfisher’s overall business, from the point of view of an investor looking to buy shares. As such, the initial purchase of the shares represents the initial investment, and the return made on these shares can be taken to be the future cashflows for the purposes of the analysis. On this basis, it is necessary to look at the annual returns provided by Kingfisher, as well as the change in the value of the shares (Lumby, 1994). Kingfisher annual share price from May 2003 to May 2008 Date Closing Price 27/05/2003 257.25 27/05/2004 285.5 27/05/2005 259 26/05/2006 235.75 25/05/2007 252.75 27/05/2008 138.1 (Source: Yahoo Finance, 2008) Kingfisher earnings per share from 2003 to 2008 Year Earnings per share 2003 16.4 2004 17.4 2005 20.8 2006 12.2 2007 11.8 2008 11.7 (Source: Kingfisher, 2008) As can be seen from these graphs above, Kingfisher’s share price and earnings per share have both fallen over the period of the study. As such, one share purchased for 257 pence in 2003 would be worth just 138 pence in 2008, and the total dividend earnings per share would be just 90 pence. As such, the total return from an investment of 257 pence would be only 228 pence. This implies that an investment in Kingfisher over the past three years would have performed very poorly, with a return of -12.7% over five years, even without considering discount factors and net present values. Indeed, given that the positive cashflows have occurred after the negative cashflows, any investment in Kingfisher would have a negative net positive value for any positive discount factor. In addition, the earnings per share have fallen from 2003 to 2008. Within the period of the study, earnings per share rose from 2003 to 2005, before falling sharply between 2005 and 2006 and then remaining relatively constant. This fall is specifically mentioned in Kingfisher’s 2006 annual report as being due to a significant fall in profits from the UK market, which was driven by â€Å"rising energy costs, higher taxes and pension contributions and [consumer] confidence has been affected by a weaker housing market† (Kingfisher, 2008). This implies that Kingfisher’s investments in the UK have performed poorly over the past three years, and indeed the 2008 annual report shows that the UK investments have further weakened against the background of the global â€Å"credit crunch†. Whilst the credit crunch has affected all markets around the world, Kingfisher specifically points out that the high level of debt in the UK has created even more problems for consu mers, who have less money to spend as their debt payments have risen. As such, Kingfisher’s investments in the UK, which account for around 47% of the group’s total revenue, are unlikely to improve their performance in the near future. Sources of funding Kingfisher main sources of funding All in  £ millions 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total long term debt 1528 744.9 828.3 1255.5 1432 1620 Total equity 4463 4407 4387.3 4320.4 4421 4724 (Source: Kingfisher, 2008) Kingfisher is strongly dependent on equity as a source of funding, with total shareholder’s equity making up at least three times as much of the funding as long term debt. Short term debt has been excluded from these calculations, partly because short term debt appears to be used only to settle any cashflow issues, and partly because prior to the 2006 accounts short term debt was not declared separately from trade payables. As such, it would be impossible to compare short term debt across the entire period. It is worth point out that the decrease in debt from 2003 to 2004 is largely due to the sale of the Chartwell Land property portfolio mentioned above. The proceeds of this sale were largely used to reduce the level of long term borrowings, thus resulting in a significant drop between 2003 and 2004. However, following this sale, when the debt to equity ratio fell to just 0.17, the amount of debt has risen steadily, to the point where it reached 0.34 in 2008, the same level as in 2003. This rise has been accompanied by a small rise in the level of shareholder equity, but not to the extent that the total asset value has risen as seen in the investments section above. This implies that the store expansion and refurbishment programs mentioned throughout the Kingfisher annual reports during the period of the study have been funded largely by debt. This has caused the company’s debt to equity ratio to rise quite significantly over the period of the study, which has more than doubled the debt to equity ratio. This significant increase in the debt to equity ratio could be a cause for concern, as it potentially places a higher debt burden on the company which must be serviced from profits. As such, if the company’s fortunes continue to suffer due to the effects of the credit crunch, the company may have difficulty paying its debts and may suffer liquidity problems. However, in the 2008 financial statements the net finance costs on the debt are just  £62 million, whilst the operating profit is  £453 million. As such, the company can cover its interest more than seven times from profits, which means that this rise in the level of debt is not currently a significant concern. Of course, running counter to this is the fact that the global credit crunch is expected to increase the effective rates of borrowing, which could increase the interest payments as well as reducing the long term levels of consumer spending. As such, it is possible that the credit crunch will continue to reduce K ingfisher’s profits whilst increasing the interest cost, thus potentially creating financial troubles in the next few years. This potential issue is compounded by the fact that the company capitalised  £1 million of borrowing costs in 2007, and a further  £3 million in 2008, which may indicate issues in paying these loans out of profit. The major sources of debt finance for the business at the current time are medium term notes and other fixed term debt, which make up  £1,436 million of the debt. These have been placed on markets in the UK, Eurozone and United States and have raised capital at a net cost of between 4.1% and 6.9%. As such, the company has relied on non convertible loans raised on public markets. The majority of the remainder is made up of non secured bank loans. This indicates that, even if the company should encounter financial difficulties, it will not necessarily lose any of its property or have its equity diluted by convertible loans. Treatment of profits and dividend policy Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Dividend per share (pence) 9.5 9.65 10.65 10.65 10.65 7.25 Earnings per share (pence) 16.4 17.4 20.8 12.2 11.8 11.7 (Source: Kingfisher, 2008) From 2003 to 2005, Kingfisher’s dividend grew by a reasonable amount, although this was not proportional to the increase in earnings per share over the period. This indicates that Kingfisher was using partly using the increase in earnings to boost the dividend, but mainly using it to build up the volume of reserves, pay back debt, and expand the company. As a result of this, the company allowed its earnings per share to rise by more than the level of the dividend. Following the decline in the UK market from 2005 to 2006, and the subsequent fall in the earnings per share for the company, Kingfisher attempted to maintain its dividend at 10.65 pence per share in spite of the fact that this left very little retained earnings. However, in 2008, following a significant fall in the share price, the dividend yield has also fallen to 7.25 pence in spite of the earnings per share remaining at the same level as in previous years. This implies that the company is now encountering difficul ties maintaining its dividend yield at this level, and thus is having to drop its dividend in order to accumulate further reserves. Unfortunately, there is no detail in the Kingfisher accounts around exactly why this reserve is being built up. However, it is interesting to note that the reserves have now been built up to the  £2.2 billion mark, after being maintained at around the  £1.9 billion mark for the period from 2005 to 2007. This may indicate that the company feels that the tough trading conditions will continue for some time, and hence there may be a need to retain more earnings to help cover interest payments in the future. Another potential explanation is that, as a retail company owning a significant amount of property, plant and equipment; Kingfisher has a significant level exposure to the property market in both the UK and France. As such, the company may feel that, with the property markets in the UK and France showing signs of weakness due to the credit crunch, there may soon be a need to revalue the property portfolio in each of these countries. Therefore, the reduced dividend and increase re serve may be an attempt to boost the equity and net asset value of the company in order to protect the value of the company against such a fall. However, the balance sheet tends to reveal a different potential explanation. The rise of  £300 million in the value of the reserves of the company has occurred at the same time as a  £300 million rise in the value of the inventory held by the company. This could be due to the fact that cost price inflation is significantly boosting the cost of inventory and the price of sales, and hence has increased the value of the inventory held by the company. However, the annual report indicates that cost price inflation for the company was just 4% over the previous year. As such, this cost price inflation is unlikely to have created a  £300 million rise in the value of inventory, which is a 20% rise in the total value of inventory. This implies that the rise in the value of the inventory is for another reason, potentially due to a lack of sales or by overbuying of replacement inventory. As such, this does not indicate that the company is making the best use of its profits, nor that it is efficiently pursuing a goal of maximising value for its shareholders. Part B) Fair Value When attempting to assess whether the current share price of Kingfisher Plc represents a fair value for the company, it is necessary to look both as the share price and the market capitalisation; which is the total market value of all the shares. This price is determined by the shares traded on a stock market where brokers buy and sell shares on behalf of their clients. For Kingfisher, the stock market is the London Stock Exchange, and Yahoo Finance (2008) quotes the current share price of the company as 128.2 pence. In addition, the 2008 annual report states there are 2,361 million shares outstanding. This gives the company a total market capitalisation of  £3.027 million as of the 18th August. One potential method of calculating the fair value of the company is through the net asset value of the company. This is because, provided the company can sell all its assets and pay off all its liabilities at their book value, it will realise its net asset value in cash. In addition, in theory the shareholders own a share of the net assets of the company equal to their share of the market capitalisation. Therefore, if the market capitalisation of the company was equal to the net asset value of the company, the share price would be at a fair value. For Kingfisher, the net asset value in the 2008 financial statements is  £4,724 million. This implies that a fair value for the market capitalisation would also be  £4,724 million, which is around 56% higher than the current value of the shares. This would further imply that a fair share price for the company would be 200 pence. However, this method is somewhat flawed because it assumes that all assets can be sold for fair value and al l liabilities can be settled at fair value. In reality, the only time when all assets and liabilities will be sold is if the business is wound up under bankruptcy or liquidity problems. As such, assets are most likely to be auctioned off by the creditors and shareholders are unlikely to receive a fair value for them. Indeed, assets such as inventory are often sold at less than ten per cent of their market value. As such, this method is likely to be unreliable, particularly for a business with such a large volume of inventory (Lumby, 1994). Another method of calculating the potential fair value of a company is to use the value of net earnings and compare this value to the historical price / earnings ratio to work out what the current fair price should be for the shares. Based on this method, the average price / earnings ratio of Kingfisher has been 16.18 over the past five year period. Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Average Earnings per share (pence) 16.4 17.4 20.8 12.2 11.8 11.7 15.05 Share price (pence) 257.25 285.5 259 235.75 252.75 138.1 238.0583 Price / Earnings Ratio 15.68598 16.408046 12.45192 19.32377 21.41949 11.80342 16.1821 Applying this to the earnings per share over the past year of 11.7 gives an estimate of the fair value of the share price of 189.33 pence: this is 47% higher than the market value of the shares. As such, this also implies that the current market value of the shares is too low. However, valuing the company on this basis is also flawed, in that it assumes that the company will maintain its past performance, and that the past performance of the shares has been efficient. Indeed, for Kingfisher this is arguably even less of a relevant method by which to judge the shares, as Kingfisher is currently suffering significant problems in its main UK market. Therefore, attempting to value the company based on its past valuations assumes that the company is still performing as it did in the past, something which is arguably not the case. In addition, with many predicting that the Kingfisher’s UK market will continue to shrink, it is possible that the company’s ability to generate ea rnings will be further impaired, and its earnings per share ratio will fall below its average (Lumby, 1994). As such, and given that there is significant uncertainty over the future value of Kingfisher’s assets and liabilities as well as the ability of the company to generate earnings, it is difficult to come up with an analytical method for calculating the fair value of the company. Therefore it is necessary to use the efficient market hypothesis when attempting to value the company. This hypothesis is based on the view that the market produces the fair value of the shares of the company using all available information. As such, the market should already have priced in the potential for Kingfisher’s properties to decrease in value and the potential for the company to be unable to make as much money in the future. This is based on the argument that the market as a whole has access to all the information available, and also has experience in reading and judging signals regarding the value of a company. As such, if Kingfisher were currently trading at too high a price, people wo uld sell the shares until the value moved to a fair value. In contrast, were the company currently trading at too cheap a price, participants in the market would buy the shares until the value was driven up to a fair price. As such, the efficient market hypothesis implies that the current fair price for the Kingfisher shares is the price at which they are currently traded on the open market. Therefore, the fair price of the shares is 128.2 pence. However, the efficient market hypothesis is based on markets only being able to act on available information. As such, it is possible that there is a fundamental problem with Kingfisher which will affect the share price but which is not included in the publicly available information. In addition, the market price for the shares can be driven by factors such as investment banks buying up shares, or takeover rumours. Therefore, in the short term the market value of shares may not reflect their fair value, as the market may not have all the information or may be being driven by other factors. However, in the long term, the professional analysts who are employed by many of the banks and investment funds which buy and sell shares will be best able to value the share s, and hence the best estimate of the fair value of the shares is their current market value: 128.2 pence. References Kingfisher (2008) Kingfisher Plc. http://www.kingfisher.co.uk/ Accessed 16th August 2008. Knott, G. (2004) Financial Management. Palgrave MacMillan. Lumby, S. (1994) Investment Appraisal and Financing Decisions. Thomson Learning. Turner, G. (2008) The Credit Crunch: Housing Bubbles, Globalisation and the Worldwide Economic Crisis. Pluto Press. Yahoo Finance (2008) Kingfisher Share Price Chart. http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=KGF.Lt=5y Accessed 18th August 2008.

Chinas Free Market System

Chinas Free Market System Introduction A free-market system is an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services takes place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system rather than by the state in a planned economy. In a free market economy, demand and supply are key determinants of price, and price is always an important contributor to any profit-driven organization. Hence, a successful industry analysis will have to identify the underlying factors driving demand and supply. Since the Chinese economy underwent transition to a free-market economy in the late 1970s, it has become one of the largest economies in the world. China Petroleum Chemical, China Mobile, and Aluminum Corporation of China are just a few of the top 100 Chinese companies that populate the Chinese business landscape listed in global publications (Business Week, 2005). Critically analyze of the view A nation can have a centrally planned economy where the government makes all the economical decisions or a free market economy where the government stays away from the economy and economical decisions are made by agreements between the producers and consumers. (http://en.wikipedia.org) For centuries, China was proud of its advanced agriculture. The country enjoyed slow but stable development. Its richness arose jealousy and scare among its neighbors, some were even quite far away. Though suffered many wars and invasions, this world famous old civilization nation had leaded the race of the competition of development in the world for more than a thousand years. However, the situation changed in the 18th century. When China still dedicated its development on an agriculture-based module, some European countries had shifted their development focuses from other sector elsewhere towards industry. Nations, which used the advantages of their industrialization output, soon dominated the world and changed the whole earth as well as the concept of development dramatically. China turned to be an underdeveloped country. Its rural areas became one of the poorest places in the world. (Wang Dewen, 2005) When the new China was founded in 1949, Chinese countryside was more or less th e same as it was hundreds years ago, or even worse. Chinese government has attached extreme importance towards rural development and has always made it a key task to tackle with. Facing various problems, Chinese authorities has introduced many policies in different periods of time to boost Chinese economic development. These policies are not always coherent as a well-designed integrated strategy; some are even contrasted and conflicted with each other. But concerning the way of how production is organized, the economic development of the Peoples Republic of China can be generally analyzed that: since from 1950 to late 1970s and the other segment refers to the time after late 1970s. In the former period of time, China conducted more collective production while in the latter part Chinese implemented a market-oriented individualized approaching. Both methods achieved some extents of success but also leave problems unsolved (Sun, Qixiang, 2001). Free market economy, stressing that the Chinese Government will to interfere as little as possible of the business and economic development. This is different from a centrally planned system. Compared to the past, the economy of China is definite grown up by using the free market economy. But the basic of free market economy is let the rich become richer. This does not fundamentally solve the problem of inequality in China. The poor people became poorer without the protection of their government. One more problem is that the free market society is set up so that production decisions are influenced entirely by consumer demand. (Fei, J., and Ranis, G., 1965) For example, if a person is in a car accident and needs medical attention they will receive it regardless of class and employment and when they are healed they will be sent on their way without a dime taken out of their pocket for medical costs. This is not always best because consumers do not always demand the highest quality products in favor of cheaper ones. Consumer safety should always be a priority for manufacturers however if the government, through safety standards, does not enforce it there is no guarantee that it is top priority. The electricity people receive is always the same in quality so the government owns it as a monopoly. The consumer will buy a great deal of goods if they are very cheap and will not buy very much if they are very expensive. The price of goods is determined by an agreement between the producer and consumer. All of these services are provided by private businesses. Services such as health care, education, old age pensions, and day cares, maternity/paternity paid leave from work, unemployment insurance, disability insurance and many others are not provided by the government. For example if consumers in significant numbers would rather buy a cheaper car that does not have air bags than a car that does have air bags then the producers will produce cars without airbags. Government still needs to do something to protect customers safety. General to say, there will be no nations in the world today that have wholly either free markets or centrally planned economies. China still needs a mixed economy system. Explain the challenges facing Chinas economy today In the past few decades, Chinas economic grown rapidly. Although China is still a developing country, its economic strength and growth potential should not be overlooked in Asia and even around the whole world. (Fei, J., and Ranis, G., 1965) There still be many challenges facing Chinas economy today: Underdeveloped small and medium enterprises in central and western part of China, and the multi-ownership economic structure had not formed yet. State economic layout adjustment and the reform of state-owned enterprises have not yet completed in place. Massive surplus labor of rural need to be transferred. The farmers of poverty have not yet fundamentally changed. Eastern and western economic development is very uneven. Micro-economic activities of enterprises administrative intervention still widespread. The idea to establish the primacy of law is not implemented. Aggregate investment in some industries and regions is somewhat excessive. Inflationary pressures are building up and much remains to be done in the areas of employment and social security. The Chinese central bank governor stressed that solutions to these problems will require China to pay even closer attention to proper macroeconomic management and to the proper handling of the relationship between reform, development and stability. To deal with the accelerating rise of the commodity prices index during the past six months, China employed a combination of monetary policy tools and strengthened preemptive adjustments and fine-tuning by controlling excessive growth of monetary credit. (Zhou Xiaochuan, 2004) In order to solve these problems, the first step in the correction of these imbalances needs to be a further appreciation of the RMB. Simply adjusting the exchange rate is not sufficient to correct the imbalances in the Chinese economy, because Chinas trade sector does not seem to be very sensitive to the relative price change. But it is a necessary first step. Secondly, domestic expenditure on public goods should be increased. An increase in expenditure will lead to an increase in imports, and a decrease in the amount of domestic products available for export, thus contributing to getting trade into closer balance. Compared with other countries and even developing countries with the same income level, Chinas expenditures on education and public health are far below average. (Liu, Jianjin, 2003)The public expenditure program could include building a well-functioning social safety net for both urban and rural populations; increasing investment in human capital by providing better health and education; internal transportation and communication infrastructure to help achieve a more integrated domestic economy; and a rural development program for the poorest regions. Conclusion China needs to combine the free market economy with the macro-control of government. So that it can establish a mixed market economy system. There are many supporting institutions that are equally important for successful and sustained growth. Up until now, China has been muddling through all the unpredictable and complex situations it has faced with remarkable success. However, the cross the river by touching the stone approach adopted by the first generation reformists cannot guarantee that China can sustain its vigor. The issues that the second-generation reformists now confront are quite different from those faced by their predecessors. Reference: Batisse, Cecile, and Sandra Poncet. 2003. Protectionism and Industry Localization in Chinese Provinces, mimeo. Fei, J., and Ranis, G., 1965. A Theory of Economic Development, American Economic Review, Vol. 51, No.4: 76-106. Free market http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market Industry Outlook 2005 BusinessWeek Online http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/toc/05_02/B39150502industry.htm Liu, Jianjin, 2003. Rural employment, 2002 China Employment Report, edited by Mo Rong, China Labor and Social Security Press, Beijing. Sun, Qixiang, 2001. Empty account and transition cost: the effects of Chinas pension system reform, Journal of Economic Research, No.5. Wang Dewen, Chinas Urban and Rural Old Age Security System: Challenges and Options. October 2005. West, A. Loraine, 1997. Pension reform in China: preparing for the future, Eurasia Bulletin, summer 1997, pages 9-19.

A Room With A View by Edward Morgan Forster Essay -- EM Forster A Roo

The Subtle Heroine   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Room with a View, by Edward Morgan Forster, presents the story of Lucy Honeychurch, a young woman belonging to English â€Å"high society.'; Foster places this young maiden in a state of conflict between the snobbery of her class, the â€Å"suitable and traditional'; views and advice offered by various family members and friends, and her true heart’s desire. This conflict â€Å"forces Lucy Honeychurch to choose between convention and passion (Bantam Intro-back cover),'; and throws her into a state of internal struggle, as she must sift through the elements of her â€Å"social conditioning'; and discern them from her true emotions and desires. Foster develops and utilizes Lucy’s internal struggle as a means of transforming her from a petty young woman to a subtle heroine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lucy Honeychurch is introduced to the reader as a somewhat petty young woman, obviously ignorant to the â€Å"ways of the world,'; who is being chaperoned by her cousin, Charlotte Barlett, while vacationing in Italy. Numerous conversations over matters of dress, the acceptability of various pieces of furniture, and other’s vacations, suggest the snobbish nature of both Lucy and Charlotte. In fact, matters of convention encompass Lucy’s life until George Emerson’s â€Å"caddish,'; yet never the less passionate, display of affection in the bed of violets throws her into an internal struggle of transformation. George’s powerful advice, â€Å"Courage and love (p.66),'; uttered just before he kisses Lucy, gives ...

Structure and Development of The Australian Curriculum Essay -- Educat

The Australian Curriculum has been a 'long time coming', but its great that it is almost here now. The Australian Curriculum has been designed with some relation to Tyler and Skillbeck's models. It is suspected that theorists such as Piaget were also considered during the development. The Australian Curriculum relates to Piaget's stages of progression, with curriculum being designed for specific levels of maturation and development. With students of this generation, it was incredibly important that an updated, curriculum was to be designed so that it could facilitate the needs of the 21st century learners. This new generation of learners seem to be almost born with basic computer skills, so the ICT program has been completely redeveloped. The curriculum has also expanded to make way for Asian studies which will help students as they move into their careers. The Australian Curriculum has been developed to cover a broad range of topics, concerns and values that will be discussed throug hout this paper. The Australian Curriculum is organised in a few different ways. There are two main design elements, Curriculum content (what the teacher is to teach) and Achievement standards (what the student is to learn). There is also Reporting Framework which incorporates elements of both areas. These elements were designed to provide guidelines as to what would be included in the Australian Curriculum. The Curriculum Content is organised into categories (strands), and are presented with descriptions to report and describe what is to be taught at each year level. Together, these descriptions form the scope and sequence across all covered years of schooling (Foundation to Year Ten). The areas of study covered in each year build upon the previou... ...ost-school lives. The Australian Curriculum prepares students for their roles in a family and for a career that will have the use of computers at least in some parts of the business. The Australian Curriculum prepares students for the world that they will have to face confidently, and living with their morals, values and knowledge of who they really are. References: ACARA. (2010). The Shape of the Australian Curriculum Document V2.0. Retrieved from http://www.acara.edu.au/verve/_resources/Shape_of_the_Australian_Curriculum.pdf Marsh, C. (2010). Becoming a teacher: Knowledge, skills and issues. 5th Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Brady, L., Kennedy, K. (2010). Curriculum Construction. 4th Ed. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Wilson, L. (2005). Leslie Owen Wilson's Curriculum Index. Retrieved from http://www.uwsp.edu/education/lwilson/curric/curtyp.htm

Social Institutions of the World State within Brave New World :: essays research papers

„ « Family In the totalitarian society of Brave New World, the development of human beings is completely controlled by the World State. Each person is raised in a hatchery, where the government controls every stage of their development until maturity, a process that takes Two-hundred and sixty-seven days. The embryos ¡Ã‚ ¦ DNA is controlled chemically to stimulate or to retard their physical and mental growth to create a biological class structure. The human ¡Ã‚ ¦s placement into a certain class, such as Alpha, Beta, etc., depends on their level of physical and mental  ¡Ã‚ §perfection. ¡Ã‚ ¨ The very notion of human reproduction without genetic purity (regular human birth) is viewed as dirty and illegal. The hatcheries, including the use of hypnopaedia to teach and build  ¡Ã‚ §values, ¡Ã‚ ¨ have done away with the traditional nuclear family. The strict biological class structure, which influences the behavior and intellect of the humans within those classes, and psychological messages that are broadcast continually, replace the same process done by the parents of children of centuries past with a system of development that is faster and more efficient. Hypnopaedia also instills the people of the state with the knowledge of the different classes in the world and why it is best to be in the class you are in, guaranteeing that the masses comply with the situation they are placed in. Thinking as a whole class, rather than as individuals, eliminates overachieving and striving to better their lives so the State can better control the populace. Because of the birthing system and views towards biological reproduction, marriage is not practiced. Since everyone  ¡Ã‚ §belongs ¡Ã‚ ¨ to everyone else within a class, sexual coupling is encouraged without fear of commitment to any one individual, and it even helps the society prosper according to the World State. „ « Education The entire educational process is provided by the World State during the period where human beings are developing within the hatcheries. This is mostly performed through Hypnopaedia,  ¡Ã‚ §sleep-learning. ¡Ã‚ ¨ By repeating phrases over and over while the children sleep, the State can condition each person to accept his role in the world around him and to behave in what is deemed as "safe." Other forms of education include sessions that are much like behavioral training of laboratory animals. For example, the dislike of roses and books is enforced through electric shock while they are still babies. Even sexual promiscuity is regular education for humans as soon as they reach puberty.

The Key Isues in the 1800 Presidential Election

1. What were the key issues in the 1800 presidential election? Why is it called the â€Å"Revolution of 1800? † Thomas Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65, and even though Adams got more popular votes, Jefferson got New York. But, even though Jefferson triumphed, in a technicality he and Aaron Burr tied for presidency. The vote, according to the Constitution, would now go to the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives.Hateful of Jefferson, many wanted to vote for Burr, and the vote was deadlocked for months until Alexander Hamilton and John Adams persuaded a few House members to change their votes, knowing that if the House voted for Burr, the public outcry would doom the Federalist Party. Finally, a few changed their minds, and Jefferson was elected to the presidency. The â€Å"Revolution of 1800† was that there was a peaceful transfer of power; Federalists stepped down from office after Jefferson won and did so peacefully , though not necessarily happily and the Republicans were more of the â€Å"people’s party† compared to the Federalists. . Discuss the factors that led to the Louisiana Purchase. In 1800, Napoleon secretly induced the king of Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France. Then, in 1802, the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right of deposit guaranteed by the Pinckney Treaty of 1795. Such deposit privileges were vital to the frontier farmers who floated their goods down the Mississippi River to its mouth to await oceangoing vessels. These farmers talked of marching to New Orleans to violently get back what they deserved, an action that would have plunged the U. S. into war with Spain and France.In 1803, Jefferson sent James Monroe to join regular minister Robert R. Livingston to buy New Orleans and as much land to the east of the river for a total of $10 million, tops. Instead, Napoleon offered to sell New Orleans and the land west of it, Louisiana, for a bargain of $15 million, thereby abandoning his dream of a French North American empire. The decision to sell Louisiana was also because Napoleon needed cash to renew his war with Britain. The Louisiana Purchase was finalized on April 30, 1803. The Senate quickly approved the purchase with Jefferson’s urging, and the Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.This was the biggest bargain in history averaging 3 cents per acre. 6. Analyze the cause of the War of 1812. America’s reasons for entering the War of 1812 were, â€Å"Freedom of the seas†, the U. S. wanted the right to sail and trade without fear. Possibility of land, the U. S. might gain Canada or Florida. Indian issues, Americans were still upset about British guns being giving to Indians. 7. Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison. The Judiciary Act, passed by the Federalists in their last days of Congressional domination in 1801, packed newly created judgeships with Federalist-backing men, so as to prolong their legacy.Chief Justice John Marshall, a cousin of Jefferson, had served at Valley Forge during the war, and he had been impressed with the drawbacks of no central authority, and thus, he became a lifelong Federalist, committed to strengthening the power of the federal government. William Marbury had been one of the â€Å"midnight judges† appointed by John Adams in his last hours as president. He had been named justice of peace for D. C. , but when Secretary of State James Madison decided to shelve the position, Marbury sued for its delivery.Marshall dismissed the case, but he said that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus suggesting that the Supreme Court could determine the constitutionality of laws, judicial review. 8. Based upon the War of 1812, assess the effectiveness of the American military system. Due to widespread disunity, the War of 1812 ranks as one of America’s worst fought wars. There was not a burning national anger, li ke there was after the Chesapeake outrage; the regular army was very bad and scattered and had old, senile generals, and the offensive strategy against Canada was especially poorly conceived.

Hr Planning Assignment

penetration to preparation Function. humans resource proviso is the process whereby disposals determine the staffing support they lead need to meet phone line necessitate and customer aims. There ar a variety of considerations that impact this provision, including impending retirements and transitions, the availability of employees with certain skills sets and changes in the environment that may require training for existing employees. Human resource planning is important and ongoing beca ingestion of some(prenominal) internal and external environmental changes.Intern on the wholey, vocationes are impacted by overturn and retirements. Externally, they are impacted by changes in technology, changes in the economy, and changes in the industry and consumer demand that may require skills that do non currently exist within the company. whole of these impacts pay back an effect on the suit and numbers of employees that are needed for the business to remain successful. MM Distributing Agencies. Company write MM Distributing Agencies is act in harvest-feast distributing business for five years in a considerably successful manner.The business was started by Mr. Manjula Madurapperuma. Since the companies commencement Mr. Manjula Madurapperuma and Mr. Ajith Jayathunga has contributed in a major aspect to the company to be r for separately oneed the zenith. Their Vision To bind distributing agencies in each district. Their Mission We will be the virtually successful distributing company in the country. MM Distributing Agencies has three distributing agencies, distributing Unilever and Asian Paints products in several(prenominal) geographical areas.And they have virtually 65 employees nether their distributing agencies running out their operative capacity. Each and every agency is arranged with a peg bus, gross sales coach, product line Keeper and an IT manager. These managers have potency to plan, and advance and select orduredidates t o their appendagees or to the feature pro office share. mainly what happens in these distributing agencies is storing and distributing the products of Unilever and Asian Paints Companies to shops in those ill-tempered areas. Storage and DistributionEach distributing agency has inventories Unilever and Asian Paints products are directly sent to these inventories and these inventories are controlled and handled under the supervision of decline keepers and supervisors. And the reading about(predicate) the products stored in these inventories is entered to the main database by calculator operators under the supervision of IT managers and Stock keepers. These agencies use Vans and Lorries to run out products. On all these vehicles in that respect is an outstanding staff whereas a driver, immediate payment collector and 1 or 3 assistants are supposed to work together.And all the day to day activities, information about distributed products are entered to the main database by data processor operators under the supervision of IT managers and Stock keepers. And last the Top Management retrieves required information from the certain database. Competitors Competitors of these agencies are other agencies that distribute products of companies the likes of Hemas, CIC, Multilack, Nipolack, and COSWAY etc. Locations of MM Distributing Agencies. organisational Structure Mr. Manjula Madurapperuma. Mr. Manjula Madurapperuma. Mr. Ajith Jayathunga Mr. Ajith JayathungaAnuradhapura beginning Manager Anuradhapura disunite Manager Avissawella Branch Manager Avissawella Branch Manager Nuwara Eliya Branch Manager Nuwara Eliya Branch Manager Each and every branch is consistent with a Branch manager, Sales Manager, Stock Keeper and an IT manager. Sales Managers, Stock Keepers and IT managers work under the supervision of their particular branch manager. All these managers have authority to plan, and grave and select candidates to their branches or to the particular sectio n. Only the management positions are make full under the supervision of Mr.Manjula Madurapperuma and Mr. Ajith Jayathunga Current HR Planning Process at MM Distributing Agencies. Even though MM Distributing Agencies is engaged in business in a considerably successful manner, the nerve does non have a proper planning process. And also it does non have a HR department. HR managers duties are through by the each branch manager. currently the Sales Managers, Stock Keepers and IT managers at each branch have the authority to plan, and recruit and select candidates to their branches or to the particular section under the supervision of their particular branch manager.When there is a position to be filled these managers ask their current employees for patron or they go for recruitment at gate option. According to Avissawella branch manager this organization does not have a HR database and a successful planning process, when they have a inactive position they temporarily use up empl oyees for the particular vacant position until they find a fit person to hire permanently. And the managers admit that it is a costly process. And also they admit that temporarily hired employees cannot be trusted.Both Avissawella and Nuwara Eliya branch managers have faced problems with temporarily hired workers stealing products from the organization and with their bad behavior. These problems are results of not having HR department, a HR database and a proper planning process in the organization. According to Mr. Manjula Madurapperuma, they have tried to hit two distributing agencies at Kurunegala and Kegalle, but both clocks they have failed to keep those agencies running. It is eliminate all those failures were occurred because the organization did not have a proper planning process.These weaknesses can affect the organizations success. Current Problems of The HR Planning Process at MM Distributing Agencies. * This organization does not have a HR Department. * Organization does not maintain a HR database. * Does not have a proper planning process. * Managers quickly plan solutions for problems like employee turnover, retirements and market losing and they fail at carry throughing those plans. * Branch managers have to work as HR managers too. * Some managerial solutions like temporarily hiring workers cost a broad amount of money and resources to the organization.Recommendations for improvement * Owners of this organization should hire a HR Manager and required other employees and have a HR Department in this organization. * HR Department should maintain a HR database about available employees to inform them and to hire them when there are vacant positions to be filled. * Owners of MM Distributing agencies should meet their managers time to time and make plans for the future of the organization and should implement them carefully. Otherwise the remaining three branches of MM Distributing agencies will eventually fail.

Coke Zero Essay

1. Some industry analysts think soft-drink companies should develop products how that will bring new customers into the market rather than just creating variants on the old. They warn deeds that products like Coke Zero will cannibalize epic lost market share from other soft drink different categories instead of increasing the number of consumers overall. Which Coca-Cola products what are most likely to lose customers to Coke Zero?Since hot Coke Zero is targeting Men, I think that medical regular Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, and Diet metallurgical Coke Plus will all lose some of their customers to Coke Zero.So as a consequence, it was born.I consider also disagree with Coca-Cola company targeting only men – I first think they should promote it to women as well. They really do have a great affect when the word â€Å"zero† is in it’s name. Men aren’t the only ones that want to lose a few extra pounds while still enjoying a Coca-Cola carbonated beverage – they just don’t want all the extra calories or sugar.3.Its possible that Sprite Zero and several others may wind up becoming Sprite equal Zero Sugar and other variants on.

Coke No white Sugar is sold in 25 markets, but it is easy going to be known as Coke absolute Zero Sugar in the uk and the usa.Despite the fact deeds that merchandise are being marketed by Coca cold Cola all around the globe theyve utilized promotion techniques wired and different advertisements across the world.The next explanation is that individuals who drink Coke are not likely to deadly forfeit Cokes taste.Coke, needless to say, learned the difficult way that the first great majority of Coke drinkers do not total want Coke to be cool, they would like it to be Coke.

If once again its consumed in moderation, diet Coke is likewise not good bad for your wellbeing.Both Coke Zero and fat Diet Coke will nevertheless be available.In a statement on their site, the brand explains the gap between both much-loved cans.Because they will be gone 21, if you are seeking to find any metallurgical Coke Zero goods, then you must last get them.

Influential Leaders: Julius Caesar Vs. Mahatma Gandhi Essay

prestigious leading Julius Caesar vs. Mahatma Gandhi Julius Caesar and Mahatma Gandhi were twain leaders from contrary countries and date periods. ground on the play, Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, and the movie, Mahatma Gandhi say by Ric terrible Attenborough it is probable that these twain workforce were in earthly concerny federal agency precise some(prenominal) quasi(prenominal) and in early(a) ship canal in accuracy some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) acknowledg mentistics. two(prenominal) were prominent stack and lived lives of bully wideness and leaders. They some(prenominal) died in connatural slip track as well. tho during their lives to each(prenominal) hotshot piece worked for wholly variant purposes.Julius Caesar and Mahatma Gandhi were some(prenominal) genuinely fibrous pile during their lives. Caesar was one of the go on trine hands who had index in Rome. servicemany stack see and certain C aesar as a leader. Caesar was plain offered the extremum m either an(prenominal) clock simply he refused it. Gandhis tempt prolonged beyond the borders of India and reached away to the altogether world. Gandhis philosophies stimulate millions of people. two man plys lives abide finish in homogeneous slipway they were kill. Julius Caesar was lured to the romish Senate and dispatch by several conspirators including his near(a) whiz Brutus. Gandhi was kill by a Hindoo daimon who disagreed with his adjustment of Muslims. Caesar and Gandhi were twain(prenominal) actu on the substantialy gamy men. They stuck their necks pop when they knew in that respect were dangers stunned there. And the incident that they both were slay shows how real those dangers rattling were. tied(p) though both Caesar and Gandhi were potent leaders, they each had precise oppositeness views, ideas, and ways of sack rough doing things. Caesar was an burning(prenominal) wo rk out in his order of magnitude and notwithstanding had his crap the States to affirm him up. Caesars replys to problems were work out by fighting, such as the sentence he fought Pompey and became victorious. Gandhi was contrastive. He had no prescribed political title, he did not drop whatsoever army, and he did not pick up any massive wealth. Gandhis ism of non-violence integrated well-behaved resistance. He believed that non-violent civil resistance, not war, was the way to hairgrip things. He in like manner tangle the get hold ofly solution to hatred, ignorance and maintenance was love, truth and forgiveness. Caesars and Gandhis beliefs were kind of different. twain men were assassinated in the spirit of their lives, tho for precise different reasons. Caesar was killed because he was similarly partful, and Gandhi was killed because he was overly good.Caesar was excessively reasonful because he was a very(prenominal) enterprising man who wa s baron mad. He level off set apart himself up as potentate for action. Caesar valued the power for himself, go Gandhi valued the power for the people. Caesar was incessantly spiritedness in veneration of his life. He was irrational and seemed on go on in several instances. Gandhi was thrown and twisted in put behind bars and beat numerous quantify and however stayed fixed and heady disdain in all the dirty treatment he had suffered. Gandhi believed in civic Rights and Democracy, which was the complete opposite of what Caesar wanted. Caesar invariably vox populi of himself as sodding(a) and decisive.He love to be in stop and have all the power to himself. He enjoyed intuitive feeling high and reveal than everyone else. He turn up this by ignoring the warnings of the soothsayer to begin with arriving at the Senate. Gandhi was never an proud man as Caesar was. He eternally approximation of himself as an equal, no pause that anyone else. He commit his whole life to service others. Gandhi exhibited his leadership by article of materialing nubby cloth that provided example for silly people and resuscitate the colonization economy. Gandhi was a very straight man.Julius Caesar and Mahatma Gandhi were both very influential and beta leaders. They both worked hard at the goals they hoped to achieve. Caesar and Gandhi overlap a a few(prenominal) character traits but also possessing several different traits, viewpoints, and ideas. both men make impacts on storey during their lifetimes and willing be remembered for long time to coiffure as stomach leaders who risked their lives to achieve their goals.

Power-dressing: Do the clothes make the man? Essay

virtuosos international features go bring out unceasingly put stack how he is as a soulfulness. From draw to walk, heap forever visit race rough them. An soul who unremarkably stands out from a group im cave in ever much than be on the dapple of gazes. Nowadays, short letter overlords ornament up non unaccompanied for the sake debauched the overrated passe-partout bearing, besides to liveliness severe nearly themselves as well. They al modes mobilize that close to(prenominal) they where is a part of them and get out equilibrise their psychealities in the abundant collective world.Degrees of coverA line of work lift comes in two levels of uniforming. First, the trading schoolmaster uprise which is considered the near unlesst peerlessd-down somatic caparison. Second, the knowledgeable line of reasoning sea captain which is a more relaxed edition of the none master key reckon (Ebony.2005). present argon nearly pointers to mention the line of descent paid facial expression nominate the cosy agate line pro attire The business paid musical none a cautious sheath in a inviolable or pinstriped pattern. like changeize be dark blue, gruesome brown, fair-haired(a) and black. blank and pastel-colored blouses argon satisfactory. Pumps with a closed wiener and toe accessorize your crusade. nice and qualified behavior is exhibited (Ebony.2005). The everyday professional musical none incorporates an air of flamboyance. It augments your image with more color in jackets, sweaters and blouse vogues. And any the same coiffurees and wangles in silken prints combine with shipshape jackets and sweaters as well. perfunctory direct is showcased (Ebony.2005). whiz and aesthesiaIn bon ton for one to admit a meter way of get congratulateed, He or she should be conscious that sever solelyy friendship has an extemporary happen of dress ciphers (Ebony.2005). appreciat e the dress code and tired of impregnation of your smear. nonp atomic number 18il should everlastingly on the piquet on what the judgment honchos of the union wear. This is to repress the content of the location word of mouth which testament reject the fundamental law of voltage friendships among your co-workers. adept should dress to excise and not to intimidate. think that in the postal service surroundings, not all wad shake equivalent mentalities in perceiving a psyche on how he dresses up. mold Pointers for the dispatcher Job-Hunter typesetters case The prim and unremarkably suitable suit colour ar black, navy and charcoal. Your belt up blouse or crush should not be crystalline silk and cotton fiber bear on best. panache experts theorise that a skirt should be faltering at the initial interview, and indeed a check of goldbrick for the succeed interviews (Ebony.2005). spot situation ar to be in well behaved lay and delicate as well. For ladies, apparel with 1- to 2-inch heels are a hackneyed. gold designs for stockings arent correct for the agency surroundings (Ebony.2005). Accessories You tin enchance your saying by article of clothing accessories but not to the purpose of have a caller look with uppity and plan jewelries. strange piercings arent congruous and is acceptable in the lieu environment (Ebony.2005). hairs-breadth unitys hair ardor should concomitant his or her shinny tone. Again, broad-leaved bottletree hairstyles arent correct in the office setting (Ebony.2005). mode vs. grooming The verdictA souls sensation of style in hurt of dress any complements or deters his charge as a somebody. not all designer dressers are geniuses, some of them solitary(prenominal) dress up solely for the sake of compensating their futile mathematical operation in the office. Whereas, a fistful of large number who foundert ease off a premium on dressing are normally a associa tions asset. book binding up should not incessantly be associated with a persons worthy and importee to a company. A persons shape maven reflects a slew of his spirit and should not be lost(p) on how he performs in the office. separately person has a comical moxie of mold and style that he owes to his standard of grooming. kit and caboodle CitedEbony. 2005. Power-dressing for professionals corporate, nonchalant and chic. January 2005

Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation on Special Education Essay

Attitude, Legislation, and judicial proceeding on per centumicular reproduction - evidence typesetters caseThe jostle of the peculiar(prenominal) commandment endeavour has been to micturate in students with disabilities entrance money to a ecumenical development, reach the spot of beingness labeled, and bring out methods to reminder and poster the supremacy of these programs.The 1975 transaction was in the first prescribe cognize as the nurture for the disable symbolise (EHA) and was designed to give students with disabilities a disembarrass direction in the to the lowest degree regulative milieu realizable (Special learning laws, 2005). ulterior amendments experience been aimed at turnout the commentary of handicapped to entangle opthalmic wrong and qualification render for including these students in unceasing layeres when possible. somatic and psychic contests fork up historically been stigmatized and labeling has a lot been us e as a baneful hammer to block students from mean(prenominal) activities. The 1975 lick was passed to tighten these genial consequences and proffer a location that was much than(prenominal) mediocre in its manipulation of the disenable. preliminary to whatever jurisprudence regarding finicky(prenominal) nurture, disabilities were generally viewed as a negatively charged and the students were ofttimestimes shunted to atomic heel 18as out-of-door the mainstream shoal corpse. unitary of the issues that go through enclose the peculiar(a) genteelness disceptation in the expire 30 historic period is the melt towards cellular inclusion. ... immediately defense of hindrance in slightly cases, illustrated by the formal argument that disablement exists further in lieus (Kauffman, McGee, & Brigham, 2004, p.615). This has had the counter-productive issuance of do a handicap bet as something that does non matter. temporary hookup this has had the positive ensnargon of make unvarying classrooms more friendly to students, it has alike minimise the challenge that faces these students. In some(prenominal) cases the aside 30 old age take in bring d given attitudes replace from judicial to indifference.The long lookout man for surplus teaching method in its present-day(prenominal) haoma could parent results that are the reverse of what it hopes to accomplish. Pratts (2000) states that play and accessible class are being think to levels of pedantic execution. This is entirely logical as we see pauperism and family fib placing many students at a disadvantage. This impacts the report of exceptional(a) program line classes because academician exercise is a secure soothsayer of referral and ultimate placement in special education (Hosp & Reschly, 2004, p.187). This has the effectiveness to place a disproportionate number of students into special education establish on socio-economic class. If the accredited forepart of inclusion lay downs an environs of indifference, these students whitethorn depart isolate and neglected. popular awareness of the realities of being disabled postulate to be continually addressed. Without creating a straightlaced mankind attitude towards special education, we may create a system that is less(prenominal) confining and more fair, barely we overly may coach an ambience of injustice. Feelings of harshness realise often been a part of my own personalised chemical reaction to students with disabilities. In the last(prenominal) I was awkward confronting their disabilities receivable to my discombobulation round whether or not they

ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

endeavor representativeto their customers by act a be lead scheme this system seeks to snub drudgery and merchant vessels cost as to a greater extent than come-at-able to extend a rivalrous crossway (Jaquier 2010). These savings bath thusly be passed onto the customer, who and then receives a trashy product. This graphic symbol of organisational chiffonier be utilize as a short beak to emergence gross sales and invoke customers, tho at that situate is minuscule arrive at to be do e reallyplace the commodious term. early(a) placemental rise that retail merchants quite a undersize determination to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder honour to their customers is a preeminence strategy. In this flack, an transcription seeks to drive products that atomic number 18 of superior(p) quantify to competitors products. The counseling is non so untold on impairment but on fling products that be unwaveringly to check and of advan ced shade. Customers who atomic number 18 attracted to this strategy pick products that atomic number 18 heights type counterbalance though the toll whitethorn be a little more than than food mart average. These types of customers ar a jam faithful to angiotensin-converting enzyme stigmatise because they place so a lot ferocity on give away quality. The outlast surface use by retailers to work hold dear to their customers is a digesting approach, which is a conclave of the commencement exercise dickens strategies. In this approach, retailers commence to crevice quality products at start prices. This approach is bingle that is very arduous to devour during the initial stages of an organizations admission to the securities industry because of the direct of expertise infallible. Retailers that are already schematic in the mart more very much than non harbor the tools required to carry with such an approach. This in the main comes slightly through a well-developed supplement scope that butt annul gratuitous costs. wholeness retailer that provides a lot of rank to its customers is Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is an realised retailer in the Ameri back tooth market that pursues a focus strategy no other retailer can scar Wal-Marts piteous prices with the alike get of quality. Wal-Marts aphorism of hapless Prices. every(prenominal) Day. On Everything (DInnocenzio 2011) is genius that is fascinating to