Written statement about educational psychology (Human Development) Personal

Written about preparational psychology (Human Development) - Personal description ExampleMy interest in human psychology and educational background make me a adequate candidate to get admission in the University of Colorados original degree program. I moot that a master degree in this field will definitely help me achieve my individualised and professional goals.One main reason for applying in this program is related to my professional life. I fatality to establish my career in the field of educational psychology, and that is only possible if I get an hazard to get a master degree from a prestigious university. University of Colorado is known for its highly strung-out power not only in field of educational psychology (human development) but also in all other courses being offered by the university. It is due to the well-experienced faculty of the University of Colorado, that I have taken my purpose to do masters from this great university. I want to complete my education u nder the guidance of well-experienced faculty of the University of Colorado, as it will help me become a professional in the field of educational psychology. later completing my education, I want to use my knowledge and skills to ensure proper child development, to bring amentaceous changes in the lives of children, and to make children come out of educational stress. I want to be skilled in using educational and psychological assessment techniques to help children who face difficulties in learning and social adjustment. I believe that a country can progress only if its citizens get high quality education from the top universities of the world. I have collected facts about the universities, which offer Master in Education psychology (Human Development) program and after analyzing all facts and issues, I have made up my mind to pursue the master degree from the University of Colorado because it provides highest quality education in all fields of study. I believe that the

Write a Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

preserve a Constitution - Essay ExampleThe first area of consideration is the means of introducing justnesss. All free radical members will be given the chance to propose new laws or regulations at the meetings. This is similar to the unite States system that allows Congressmen to introduce laws (How a bill, 2012). In terms of repealing laws, individuals also have the option of introducing measures to repeal laws or regulations that had previously been passed.Once a law has been introduced by one of the base members there will and then be a discussion about the specific law. Proponents and opponents of the law will be given a chance to speak about the reasons they support and dont support it. After these discussions have taken place group members will be given a chance to vote on whether the law should be passed or rejected. Through majority vote the law will either be passed or denied.All members of the creative writing student organization will be treated as apt equals. Thi s is an idea adopted from the United States Constitution (Constitution of the, 2012). This, however, does not extend to decision-making power and group responsibilities. In these regards, the club will be divided through officer positions. There will be a President of the club that is accountable for organizing the meetings and setting the specific agenda for the day. The Secretary of the club will be responsible for taking notes about the meetings and reciting these notes at the new meetings. The Treasurer of the club will be responsible for financial matters, most notably those that involve the clubs literary magazine. Finally, all general members or officers of the club will be able to introduce ideas or general concepts to the specific project the group is focusing on. The emphasis on intellectual equality is a major consideration within the group. umpteen organized group environments form and allow a select number of voices to dominate the discussion. Rather than allowing su ch forms of group dominance, the

CIS212 U3 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS212 U3 Discussion - Essay Examplet RBAC has ease of management while DAC is complex since each new user has to go through all the details the user needs access code to and add them to the list.Authentication provides a way of identifying a user by having them enter a sound username and password before access is granted. If the identifications do not match, authentication fails hence permission is denied to access the information. Its goal is to prevent unauthorized users to access information that they are not entitled to access. Certificates provide secure communication theory across untrusted of vulnerable networks. They are important in securing wireless local area networks. One of the advantages of use certificates is that it ensures that any data sent online is read by only the intended recipients. This is because for that data to reach the recipients, it ability have to pass through multiple computers. It also improves customers trust. One of the disadvantages of using certificates is that it makes the connections to decompress down. Getting certificates for a business can be expensive since the service providers have to pay for its maintenances accordingly it might be viable for small scale

General Trends in Global Work Context Assignment

General Trends in Global Work Context - subsidisation ExampleAs the essay states the global fly the coop place presents employment opportunities for qualified people to flirt in a flexible way whereby apart from moving from one place to the other and beyond political boundaries to work, employees can even be stationed at home and still perform the duties that their co-workers perform at the employers premises. This has been enhanced by technological advancements especially the internet technology. It has facilitated communication which is essential in moving in as well as implementing programs abroad. The interactions that arise as a result of companies employing people from diverse cultural background has generated the need for employees to possess strong interpersonal skills as well as the ability to work with employees from different cultural settings. From the report it is clear the global work place has been under continuous trade over the years in terms of labor. With the increasing globalization of industries, the movement of people across borders has risen. Experts in various fields are migrating from the industrialized economies to the developing countries to provide the rapidly growing economies that lack skillful workers. Under such circumstances, many companies are adopting flexible working conditions in order to retain undergo employees. Studies indicate that part time employees constitute more than 20% of the global labor force.

Employee relations and engagement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Employee relations and troth - Assignment ExampleThe company has incorporated and added in the buff forms of amusement in order to attract the new generation of visitors to the park. The company is seen to employ about 250 people and amongst them 200 are members of the union and have collective bargaining rights. The company management and the union sit down for negotiations each year and decide on the prerequisite that they approve upon from both sides of the table. The following page discusses the negotiation process between the management and employee of the establishment on different lines and issues.The objective of with which we went into the management in this negotiation is to ensure that the demands of the employees in the form of ontogeny in salary should not be accepted. We found that the union go out place a demand for increase in the no. of holidays. This cannot be allowed. On the depart of the demands to be placed by our part as management, we would like to place the condition of retrenchment of some of the employees. We would also place the point that we will indulge in the career development or the skill nurture of the employees of the organization (Mehta, 2009). We think it to be necessary on our side to negotiate and try to establish the above points as because our company has been conclusion it difficult to make profit since the last six eld. An amusement park has opened in the 10 mile radius of our company in the past 6 years and has taken a serving of the market and the visitors. This has resulted in the fact that our company has been able to just breakeven in the last 4 years and made a loss for the first time in the last year. Due to the increased emulation and loss of market share it has become necessary for our company to introduce new entertainment machinery which is called the rioting factor. To maintain the market share and profitability it is required that our company should invest in new technology, games and training facilities for the

Multiculturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Multiculturalism - Essay ExampleWe have to get rid of the stereotypes and learn to flatter the strengths that everyone brings to the table. Instead of ridiculing someone because they are divergent we are to seek the commonalities so that everyone is include in whatever we are doing.When you are in a associationroom it is very important to take into consideration the multifariousness of cultures that are represented. In many school districts Americans struggle with the idea that they have to teach English as a second language to those children who come from Mexico. It is important to make sure that all children are included in the classroom by encouraging them to explore their differences. Some teachers bring in readings about different cultures and create activities around them.Children today do not only have racial differences because of the extended families that kindle them. Today a teacher my have children who are disabled, who come from single parent homes and those who co me from braw or lesbian homes. These are all a part of the multicultural arena in the class room and all should be made to feel comfortable in their learning.Gender bias in the classroom is not new. There have been several studies done to show that boys and girls receive different educations in most classrooms. In elementary schools many girls are looked over when they raise their hand to answer a question in favor of a boy to answer. In other classrooms it is the boys who are getting the subvert grades and who are being referred to special education classrooms. Sometimes this bias comes because of the way the teacher perceives the individual learners in each category. Some teachers seem to socialize young girls towards what they expect a feminine individual to do. They in addition pressure the boys to accept the role that someone masculine would assume. Chapman (2008) suggests that education teaches girls that they are not equal to boys and there are behaviors that

Strategic management of MC DONALD and how they maintain their succeses Essay

Strategic management of MC DONALD and how they maintain their succeses over the years - Essay ExampleThere be few gainsays and problems that the confederation faces which would be discussed in this study. The biggest challenge for McDonalds is to overcome the increase in competition, maintain its quality and keep a strict check and match on the customer satisfaction as the company has more than half of the business depends on franchising. In the SWOT analysis of the company it has been found out that McDonalds occupies a very strong position in the market. Special attention paid to hiring potential staff has been a key to its success. As we know in the food and hospitality industry the major role is to be played by the innate customers (that ar employees) as they will be the source of satisfaction for the external customers (the real customers). So keeping the internal customers satisfied and properly training them is what McDonalds has been doing. This has been a key success factor for the company. The concept of franchising has also been fertile for the company as it generates 60 percent of its sales through franchising (Gallagher, 2008). McDonalds focuses on five main things that be its drivers for success namely people, product, price, place and promotion. muser Analysis Following is the Pestle Framework application to McDonalds. PESTLE framework includes the semipolitical, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal factors that relate to McDonalds. Political Factors While McDonalds plans to expand its business it has to keep a lot of political factors in mind like the taxation and licensing issues (Ghemawat, 1991). During international expansion the analysis of the political situation of the other country happens to be of critical importance. Economical Factors Economic factors are of concern to McDonalds, because they are likely to influence indigence, costs, prices and profits. Amongst the economic factors the high unemployme nt levels are one the most influential factors as it reduces the demand for a lot of goods and also the food industry. Inflation is one other thing that has impacted more or less every business in the world and so is the case with the food industry. The economic factors mentioned above are mostly beyond the companys control but at the same time their cause related to the marketing mix and performance can be reflective. Social Factors The awareness of the health issues is change magnitude amongst the consumers day by day and the attitudes they hold towards food is continually changing. The quality that McDonalds has provided to its customers over these years has helped the company earn a good repute and thus a strong position in the ball club (Schlosser, 2008). Technological Factors New technologies profit company and the customers both. The adoption of the new technology by the company and forever keeping everything updated has helped the company in attaining this strong market position (Vignali, 2001). Upgrading of its equipments and the machinery used have also served as a source of satisfaction for the internal and external customers both. Environmental Factors McDonalds has always focused on firm and clean environment and this has helped the company in winning the trust of the customers. Legal Factors The policies of government in shape to control monopoly and the reduction of power of buyers can lead to putting a limit to entry in this sector by putting controls such as license requirements and limitation to access the

History of the International Association of Fire Fighters and their Research Paper

History of the supranational Association of incinerate Fighters and their deflect today - Research Paper ExampleIAFF has played a crucial role in managing human resources in the fire combat industry. The sodality has managed to improve the working conditions of fire fighters to an extent that it is a reliable and dependable profession. The safety of the fire fighters has been at the fore of the objectives of the union. It has focused on fighting for separate wages, compensation benefits for occupational deaths and enhancing fire fighters skills in fighting fires. IAFF has elevated itself to a position of great influence in todays society. This report will cover the progress made by the union since its inception in 1918 and show how such progress has changed the fire fighting profession for better.In this report, cardinal major issues are discussed the history of IAFF and its influence today. In discussing the history of IAFF, the milestones the union has made since its incep tion are highlighted. The union has been quite active and has succeeded in making great achievements. This report only highlights a smattering of the achievements. On the second section, the influence of IAFF is discussed. IAFFs influence is discussed from two perspectives the policies it has necessitated to be enacted, and the programs and services it offers to its membership. These two nourish greatly changed the face of fire fighting profession and made it an integral part of the society.The history of the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) is long and one that bears witness to the benefits of a continuous improvement of human resources. This experience has its headquarters in Washington, DC. The association membership is more than 300, 000. The association has greatly influenced advances in the fire fighting industry and is highly credited for tremendously securing the working conditions of fire fighters. It has continuously done this by lobbying the legislati ve assembly to pass laws that protect fire fighters and developing training for the fire fighters (IAFF,

Human Error by James Reason Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human wrongdoing by James Reason - Essay ExampleReferencing around eighty tidingss, Human fracture today is cited itself by to a greater extent than a hundred works by antecedents like A. Hale, John R. Wilson and E. J. Lovesay etc.The book draws a split of leash parts where the first portion comprising of the first devil chapters inoculate the fundamental ideas, research traditions and brings an note of background studies pertaining to errors. The middle part from chapter three to five elucidates the error implements and the common reasons behind a encompassing range of errors. The final section comprising of the remaining chapters throws light on the result of errors that range from their detection, unintentional contri saveions to them and the healing(predicate) steps towards them.As clear from the title, the first chapter of the book elucidates the nature of errors, draws a classification of various types of errors and the strategies that last to their detection. Accor ding to Reason the two major types of errors are similarity-matching and frequency-bias.The second chapter of the book traces back the significant studies through in the area human error which Reason classifies into natural science glide slope and the engineering approach based on the practice of their research. These are the studies that form the foundation of Reasons Human Error.I Performance Levels and Error TypesIn the third chapter, the author introduces a Generic error modelling system that facilitates the identification of three types of error types namely skill based slips and lapses, rule based mistakes and knowledge based mistakes. The model is quite an a combination of ideas on cognitive theories from Rasmussen, Rouse, Anderson, and the Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett, and Thagard. Cognitive Underspecification and Error FormsWhen cognitive operations are underspecified, they dispose to default to contextually appropriate, high-frequency responses. 2The fourth chapter harps around the topic of cognitive under-specification. The author also explains the two factors (Similarity and Frequency) on the basis of which the errors are classified. A Design for a Fallible MachineThe fifth chapter of the book proposes the concept of fallible machine - an information machine that would work precisely for most of the time but would also produce errors at times. The purpose behind such a machine was to create an observational model that would resemble the behaviours of humans and their tendency towards making the errors.The Detection of Errors This chapter pertains to the concepts of error detection and their correction. While public lecture about correction, the author explains two types of error correction mechanisms, namely the low level correction mechanism and the high level correction mechanism of which the former is proposed to work better than the latter. Latent Errors and Systems DisastersIn this chapter the author draws a schism in the types of errors in terms of the accidental contribution to their occurence. Here the two types of errors are Active Errors and Latent

Alternatives of interest and usury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alternatives of post and usury - Essay ExampleSweden has given a thought to implement a variant of an evoke bare(a) system. As menti matchlessd in Islam (2008), 35000 members of sea dog Bank have saved 97 million Euros, of which 86 million were given as loans. JAK does not charge or pay interest on its loans. Administrative and developmental costs are paid by membership and loan fees. JAK has a variety of banking products all of which come into action by balancing the individuals saving point system. Carrie (2004) researched the work of JAK and concludes that the bank provides affordable and responsible finance and enables its members to have a say in w here(predicate) and how their money is invested. This shows that the subject of interest free banking does not al agencys relates to a dominantly Muslim country and can exist viably in a western capitalist state. Interest is generally thought as an extra amount charged over and above the principal amount which is accepted as une thical or unfair in Muslim world. A borrower is a person who is needy and a lender exploits them by charging them with interest so a simple question of justifying the ethical basis of interest arises? This question may be answered by another question, is it alright that an already needy person is being oppressed? Our banking systems ultimately covert into an hapless vicious cycle consisting of a borrower and lender thus there exists a genuine need to encounter alternatives where interest speculation and gambling can be avoided with debt-like financing, futures and option like contracts and insurance/assurance-like products. Now approach path over to debt financing, it is a kind of transaction that is solely dependent on interest for example a person A needs to raise working capital for their connection so they only way they have is to issue notes or bonds of, say $1000 to everyone now that investor will find out an interest of 10% of 10000 after four months. In simpler terms yo u can say that debt is borrowing money from an orthogonal source with the promise to return the principal, in addition to a agreed upon level of interest. Debt financing is one of the most used methods of financing. The reason why debt financing is so commonly used is that it helps maintain self-control because when you borrow from banks then you have to return the agreed amount on time however here you can choose the time of repayment for yourself without anybody elses interference. Moreover the most attractive factor is that you can go down the amount of interest rate yourself, it is an open option for you according to your budget, but we do need to regulate ways of excluding interest on it. Here the question is that is this possible? The best alternative is interest free equity financing. Equity financing is an act of raising money for company activities by selling common or preferred stock to individual or institutional investors. In return for the money paid, shareholders receive ownership rights in the corporation. In most cases equity financing is preferred over debt financing specially where the company wants to move on an interest free basis. Here there is no interest cost, the company does not has to pay any interest to the amount provided by the owners ( the stockholders) in fact the cost of fruit remains low as there is no burden of interes

Southwest airlines Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Southwest airlines Comparative Analysis - Essay vitrines the customers choose increasing demand, the company also receives less complaints comp ared to other airlines and this has made it to become a market leader in the airline industry. There are however other factors that has led to the succeeder of South west airlines and they include the organization grammatical construction, organization culture and leadership, the following is an analysis of the companys structure, culture and leadership compared to its competitors.Organization structures include the flat structures, tall structures, hierarchical structure, centralized and decentralized structures and each structure adopted has advantages and disadvantage associated. The company is organized in a hierarchical structure whereby jacket crown organiseers include the CEO and executive vice presidents. (Hoffer, 29) The advantage of this structure is that authority and a responsibility are clearly defined. Clearly defined role s benefactor in reducing conflicts in an organization and also help in improving productivity and specialization.The other advantage associated with the hierarchical structure is that promotion paths are clearly defined. This means that workers are well motivated to achieve higher positions in the organization, promotion is based on performance and therefore top managers are well aware of the operations and activities in their division. High productivity is achieved where worker are motivated to improve performance which in turn leads to high profitability. (McCartney, 2007)Managers are alter in the hierarchical structure, managers are promoted from non managerial positions in the organization and also from the same division they work and therefore they specialize in the same position and this ensures efficiency in the company. The other advantage of this structure realized by the Southwest airline is that workers are more loyal to their divisions the company is divided in severa l divisions and these department help in improving productivity of workers through

An analysis and commentary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An analysis and commentary - Essay ExampleThe main cause for Scotland splitting shipway with Britain is the raw treatment they have regularly received from the queen, bankruptcy of the nation, and isolation.The number of Scottish people lacking(p) independence in the last 40 years has sharply increased. 40 years ago, the number who proposed was notwithstanding 25%. This number has risen lately according to recent polls conducted around Scotland to nearly half(prenominal) the electorate. These numbers can only predict that the Scottish people are craving to regain their identity, at least politically.If Scotland votes yes, this would affirm the need and the power of political identities. Scots will have a acres of their own. In my opinion, Scotland separating from England will help to realize the identity of Scotland as a nation and seclude itself from the unfair treatment from England. This article is particularly relevant to political identity since the concerns of Scotland ar e primarily based on political identity.Macintyre, James. From Devolution to Independence. The New York Times, 2012. Web 9 March 2012.

MSc Programme and project management Personal Statement

MSc Programme and run into management - Personal Statement ExampleThe PPM course is seen as an opportunity for me to put myself frontward of the change magnitude demand of the project and programme management job market. By putting myself a step ahead of the requirements of the job market, I stomach be assured that I will become what employers and project owners are looking for. But this striking vision needs to be nurtured and started somewhere and that is the course being use to.Apart from the outstanding benefits I will derive from the course, one other reason that makes me prefer PPM is the incident that nature of the course matches who I am and what I have been able to achieve so far. First, I have a very good background in British education as I have successfully completed a four year BA business programme in Britain. This puts me in a better position to easily adapt to the British learning environment and requirements. up to now though business studies and PPM are diffe rent, there is much similarity between the two, putting me at a better position to grabbing academic concepts very easily. For drill it is common knowledge that most projects and programmes that require the expertise of project and programme managers are run by businesses. With my knowledge in business, I will thereof be able to have a very deep understanding of project owners. I eject also have empathy for project managers in understanding issues of project urgency, cost saving, and quality control.My level of faith expressed above as to why my background as a Business student can help me succeed with the PPM course can be backed by realistic academic abilities and achievement. For example as a Business student, I achieved very good grade in Finance, which I scored 79% and thus was graded A- in my course assignment. With my current GPA, I am confident about complemental with a high 2.1 degree, which is a strong demonstration and evidence of attitude to academic work. With the

HRM Case study (giving HR advice) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HRM Case study (giving HR advice) - Essay fashion modelElements of governing bodyal structure Specialization Managers need to decide how much work is to be done by apiece employee. Less degree of specialization would mean one worker handling many tasks at a time. This works with small organizations. But with a large organization, tasks need to be divided into chunks and each chunk should be handled by the designated worker. This improves productivity which also gives total control on the task (OFallon & Rutherford, 2010). discussion sectionalization Forming departments as per different functions is a logical way to do things in a large organization. It is a unimaginative solution in which two different functions cannot hinder each other as they have been disjointed by their respective departments (OFallon & Rutherford, 2010). Authority An important issue arising is of who is going to take how much authority in his hands. None of the organizations atomic number 18 completely c entralized or decentralized. Managers must consider the experience and personality of the subordinates when decision making for the counselling style and strategy of the organization (OFallon & Rutherford, 2010). Span of control First and foremost, organizational structure of an organization should be determined. This will determine the nature of responsibilities and authority on each member of the organization. ... A infinitesimal tangle of control would have fewer people to report directly to the manager. This would add more layers to management and hence conference would be slow between lower employees and top managers. A wide span of control would have more subordinates to report directly to the manager. There is a good flow of communication between its lower level employees and top managers. Few layers are involved in the structure (Thomas, 2011). It has been researched that a small span of management with a taller organization structure would be more expensive to angle b ecause of greater number of managers. It would also show communication problems. A wider span of control would is more recommended and proves to be useful in most environments. The reason is more employees report to managers directly which would increase employees motivation, morale and productivity (OFallon & Rutherford, 2010). Coordination of activities Even if there is departmentalization and specialization, there should be coordination between its activities. Problems arise when there is lack of coordination of activities. There should be a link between the functions of two departments (OFallon & Rutherford, 2010). A Functional Organization Mr. John Brown ineluctably to make his hotel a usable organization. A functional organization organizes itself along functional lines, with departments being grouped according to their specific functions. Each department is further sub-divided into further small departments. For instance, if there is Rooms Department in a hotel, it is furt her subdivided into other smaller departments such as laundry department. This way, specific tasks are performed by employees in a specific pattern and there are fewer chances of errors. A functional organization

Injustice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Injurist - Essay ExampleThrasymachus points out that justice is the advantage of the stronger. He claims that rulers and makers of justness do not commit errors in their decrees and that they make laws that are best for themselves. Thrasymachus argues that subjects have no hazard but to do as the decrees of their ruler without question. This argument makes iniquity act solely for the interest of the rulers. harmonize to Thrasymachus, injustice is stronger if it is on a larger scale, and it is more masterly than justice is. Injustice always gets more(Plato. 343b-344c). Glaucon shot on justice is that it is a necessary evil that people allow themselves to suffer to avoid a much greater evil of impunity (Plato. 438b-e). Injustice is thus a much better preference than justice is as justice is just a burden that we engage in out of fear. People insert in justice, as they are afraid of the punishment of injustice. Injustice rewards all that practice it, with honor and wealth, as it a llows one to indulge in all his urges (Plato. 357a-367e). Adeimantus claims that justice does not act solely but for something more for the rewards, that one reaps in the current life and aftermath. One seeks injustice for ones sake date justice is only for something more, the rewards it brings along (Plato. 357a-367e).ConclusionIn light of the arguments proposed above, it is apparent that the three favor injustice rather than justice. Injustice is a practice of free will that satisfies the body, unlike justice that is a handcuffs of something more.

Comparative Analysis Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis EssayAbstract We are in what is known at the training Era. The culture Era is the ability to exchange information in a manner that is effective and efficient. Information is important to the way we do things. It gives instructions on what to do and how to do it. There are numerous different genres of communication theory. They all ply different information in different situations In todays society, there are a number of different communication genres. Each communication genre is meant to provide authentic information to a certain group of people. In this paper, I result address tail fin different communications genres. I compare rules and regulations, indemnity handbook, indemnity manual of arms, indemnity guide and policy memorandum. I will discuss the similarities and difference in each genre, discourse conventions utilise. Genre is the means by which communications are sent out. Genres are categories or forms into which documents and websites a re grouped together based on written and visual characteristics they boast in common, and which readers associate with them.Genres are valuable because their predictable forms and consistency aid in reading comprehension and efficiency. Genres help readers grasp information quickly and effectively. (Allison and Williams 2008). Each of the genres that I will discuss relates to rules, policies and procedures specific to different events. The first is rules and regulations. Rules and regulations is a principle that regulates or controls conduct. Rules and regulations are most often apply for sports or contests.Rules and regulations are used by referees (in sporting events), players, as well as fans. Next, there is the policy handbook. A policy handbook is usually a set of rules and regulations provided to an employee of company or to students enrolled in school. The policy handbook provides information on things such as an attendance policy, compensation and pay, drug and alcohol p olicy, leaves of absence, and so on Next there is the policy manual is more detailed than a policy handbook. The policy manual includes procedures and instructions on completing particular tasks.For instance, a policy manual would give an employee the instructions on providing technical support for a computer malfunction. Other forms of communications genres are policy guide and policy memorandum. A policy guide is a document that contains the current policies and guidelines of an organization. This document is also used for the versed employees of an organization or company. Finally there is a policy memorandum. A policy memorandum informs employees or even customers of an organization of changes to current policies.The policy memorandum will let you know what the policy is, the changes that were make to the policy and when the change will take effect. Each of these genres is similar in that they all provide direction, rules and regulations to certain events or jobs. The discours e conventions used in each of these documents are very similar. Each genre do- nonhing be used in any one field or even multiples fields. Most of the genres that have been discussed are intended for internal use. Rules and regulations, policy handbook, policy manual, and policy guide are generally used by employees or a company or organization.They detail internal regulations and policies. The information contained in these documents will be more technical and important to how the company is run. This information in most cases will not affect external users. Policy memorandum is a document that may be important to some(prenominal) internal and external users. References Allison, Libby. , Williams, F. Miriam (2008). Writing for the Government http//www. jpkf. org/JPKF-Policy-Guide/index. htm http//wilcoxen. maxwell. insightworks. com/pages/275. html

Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd Essay Example for Free

Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd EsenunciateComment on the ameliorate net governing body that Andrew adopted from his former employer. Why was this transcription non in effect(p) for do the position cut backers?Do you think that scrapping the obdurate net income system and replacing it with the moment rate system was a good idea? What ar some of the strengths and weaknesses of the piece rate system?Why was Andrew unfulfilled in his efforts to remedy product prime(a)? Do you think that a system of demerit points and profit deductions of the calibre control crapers would ease up been good? Will to a greater extent supervisors in the calibre control discussion section and shipping products to Singapore for final inspection solve the task? What do you think would be an effective way to mend product quality?Were cross-cultural differences a factor on the effectiveness of the salary system? How effective do you think each system would hasten been if the plant was set in Nor th America?Discuss the potential effects of implementing an MBO computer weapons platform in the plant. Do you think it would improve productiveness and solve some of the problems?Are there any conditions under which the piece-rate system big businessman stand been more effective?What argon some alternative ways to use pay to motivate the workers at the plant? Are there alternatives to the piece-rate system and how effective are they likely to be? What does this case say approximately utilise money as a motivator?What should Andrew do now? What would you do?ANSWERS dubiety 1The system was not effective for a number of lands. It did not link pay to murder. Workers were paying(a) a fixed salary based on the number of hours worked. This system does not take productiveness into account as workers are paid the same amount per day regardless of the quantity produced. at that assign is no incentive to reward workers for higher productivity and quality under this payment sys tem.An different reason why the fixed salary system did not work was that it did not take cultural differences into account. Andrew merchandise an Ameri bottom of the inning business model that suited American employees who go to have a highly soulistic culture. This is where workers perpetrate their job based on what is required of them and do not care so often about other worker salaries hardly place more precedence over their own. The Chinese tend to have a culture of sovietism where each worker looks out for the best interests of their co-workers. Employees tend to place their collective de barrierinations ahead of those of the rescript and if both do not agree, a postal service of lack of goal congruence results.QUESTION 2Andrew adopted the same salary system as he seen apply by his former employer and paid his workers a fixed salary based on the number of hours worked. The results of his actions were low-down productivity rates, and the workers demonstrated very l ittle dedication to meeting the federations goals. Providing salaries for everyone changes hollow cost from variable to fixed with serious employment security implications. The success of a fixed salary system requires stable, mature, responsible employees, a co-op union, imparting supervisors, and a workload that allows continuous employment.Based on the case it is evident that the fixed salary system adopted by Andrew was not no-hit hence we think that scrapping the fixed salary system and replacing it with the piece-rate system was a good idea but itmust be utilise with strict quality control programs.Piece-rate system normally works like this An employee is guaranteed an hourly rate (probably the lower limit salary) for performing an expected minimum produce (the standard). For fruit over the standard, the employer pays so much per piece produced. more or less of the strengths and weaknesses of the piece-rate system are as follows. Compared with a fixed salary system, the introduction of a piece-rate system usually leads to substantial increase in productivity. This system is a form of extrinsic penury to employees. This means that the piece-rate pay, which stems from the work environment impertinent to the task, motivates employees. correspond to the case, if workers produced at or below the minimum production standard for the day, they original additional money for each extra piece produced hence they are motivated to produce supra the rate in other to receive additional money.The piece-rate system whitethorn be designed to proceed output other than performance. For example, employers may use the system to lower absenteeism and turnover. The system also allows employees to monitor the performance of individual employees, compare them and take the necessary actions based on the results and reduces non-value added activities which in turn lower cost.along with the many another(prenominal) strengths of the piece-rate system there are also so me weaknesses. The use of the piece-rate system does increase output. Although production increases, other performance criteria may suffer for example quality. As mentioned in the case, after a short-change period of introducing the piece-rate system customer complained about low quality of the goods they were receiving from the company. Some employees are more disposed to perform better than other, since people have varying motivation to work. Employees may be dissatisfied if they have to work harder or if they get hold manipulated by the system. And finally a piece-rate system that rewards individual productivity might decrease cooperation among workers.QUESTION 3Andrews efforts were un in(predicate) mainly because of the culture of the workers. The Chinese culture is one of collectivism which explains why the quality control inspectors chose to ignore products of poor quality. An implementation of a demerit system and operate deductions of quality workers may have worked but may have also had an adverse effect on the workforces motivation and their morale.The employment of additional supervisors and the shipping of final products may have also eased the situation but the question of whether the benefits outweigh the costs should be of major importance to Andrew as the chance of the company facing losses increases. A crystallize, considering the culture of the workforce, there is a great possibility the most of the new supervisors can adopt the same situation as the current ones.Presently, the system used by Andrew is a excited one an effective way to improve quality may be to have a more proactive system. Along with dressing the quality staff, Andrew should also train the production workers. The use of this preventative method will save a lot of resources that would otherwise go to waste. Andrew should also explain to all workers the admittedly and long term cost of allowing product of poor quality to reach the market, which would be the loss of cu stomers, the gag law of the plant and their dismissal.QUESTION 4Cross-cultural differences were a factor in the effectiveness of the salary systems. According to Hofstedes study, work-related values differ across culture. The North American culture is more individualistic whereas the culture in Asian countries such as China and Singapore is more collectivist. As a result, salary systems that show individual initiative may not be luckyly implemented in China as it would be in America. The collectivist culture in China emphasizes interdependence and loyalty to ones work group.If the plant was dictated in North America, the fixed salary system may not have been successful in increasing productivity because there in no incentive for employees to exert extra effort. In other words, the fixed salary system can be seen as unsuitable to the manufacturing industry, where improved productivity is cardinal to the success of the firm. On the other hand, the piece-rate system can be effecti ve if the plant was located in North America because given the countrys individualistic culture, employees would be more willing to exert individual effort to earn extra money. The company would benefit from increased productivity and highly motivated employees. In addition, the problem experienced with the quality control workers may not have been present if the company was located in North America. Given their individualistic nature, quality control employees in North America would not have accepted poor quality output from the production employees because it would not matter to them whether or not the production workers received a reduction in compensation.QUESTION 5 circumspection by Objectives (MBO) is a systematic, continuous management program designed to facilitate the establishment and accomplishment of goals as wholesome as promote employee development. With an MBO program, objectives and goals for the organization are developed by sort out management and filtered down t o the lower class-conscious levels.Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd is located in China, a country that values a high power outer space surrounded by top management and other organizational members. As a result of this culture, employees value the goals of top management as it diffuses down the hierarchy. This would empower and motivate employees as they would feel as though they are part of the organization and therefore be more commit to serving it.When the goals are passed down to employees, they feel that they are pursuing a common objective, one that is shared by their coworkers. As a society that values collectivism among employees, the workers would feel that, by working towards common objectives, they are working towards the betterment of thecompany. Workers at Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd are however not committed to the objectives and goals of the organization but hopefully by means of the MBO program they would realize the impact of their actions on others and on the organization as a whole.MBO programs aim to develop employees skills through training and employee interaction. At present, Jian Weis hiring practices allow people who do not have the skills necessary to perform a job to be hired for the job. By training the workers, Chang Koh Metal will benefit from increased productivity as skilled workers can be more efficient and effective in the workplace.Training will also solve the problem of poor quality as, through an MBO program, quality goals for both production and quality control employees can be set and adhered to. Employees can be skilled to reduce internal and external failure of products while increasing prevention and appraisal procedures. This will result in financial nest egg to the organization. Periodic meeting can be held between workers and managers to monitor employees progress in achieving goals and review problems.An MBO program if implemented at Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd will solve the problems of lowered employee motivation, lack of skilled workers and lack of committedness towards the organization. Andrew Teo will be supportive of such a program because of his previous experience with American organizations but Jian Weis attitude will need to be changed. Jian Weis attitude is pro-collectivism as he seeks the best interest of the workers. nonetheless this attitude does not support the objectives of the organization as it hinders the effective quality control of products as well as aids in the violation of company rules and regulations against moonlighting and the use of company equipment to do so. The culture of the Chinese which includes high power distance and collectivism make it easy for the MBO programs to be implemented but attitude changes need to be make by the management before the program can be successful in Chang Koh Metal Ptd Ltd.QUESTION 6The implementation of the piece rate system at the company did increase theproductivity of the workforce but at the expense of quality, so therefore, the condit ions that may have made this pay system more effective should be focused on the maintenance of high quality with regards to the products.Firstly, the piece rate system may have worked better if the production workforce were properly trained to detect poor quality during the production process as this would minimize the proportion of the factory output that is below quality standards.Secondly, employees should be made aware of their task significance this is impact of their job on others. By seeing the importance of what they do the workers may feel more needed which could increase their commitment to producing high quality products.A next and very important condition to be considered is the development of a quality circle within the organization. Involvement in this group can give employees a backbone of empowerment. The quality circle would develop ways to improve quality this may prove effective as it would be in compliance with the collectivist nature of the workers,Lastly, the use of total quality management in the factory can greatly improve the piece rate system. TQM is a systematic attempt to come upon continuous improvement in the quality of an organizations products and/ or services.This type of management encompasses aspects such as an compulsion with customer satisfaction, a search for continuous improvement of processes, the prevention of quality error and high employee fight and teamwork just to name a few. Top management must develop an atmosphere that is conducive to quality improvements. Workers must also be upholdd to provide feedback and to make suggestions. This, along with the aforementioned conditions should have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the piece rate system.QUESTION 7Alternative wage incentive plans to link pay to performance at the productionplant include Profit sharing, Employee stockpile ownership programs, Gain sharing and Skilled based pay. Profit sharing is a group-oriented incentive system whereby when th e firm makes a profit, some of the profit is returned to employees in the form of a bonus. This bonus can be paid in cash or in a deferred retirement fund. For Profit sharing to be considered, the firm must be profitable in the first place. Chang Koh Metal Ptd. Ltd. is not profitable currently. The general manager Andrew Teo could propose the profit sharing plan to the workers to motivate them to become more committed to the companys goals. benefit are only shared when the company makes a profit however, profit sharing has some discriminates associated with it that may cause Andrew to overlook this alternative completely.The problem with profit sharing is that there are too many factors beyond the control of the workforce that can affect profits no matter how productively workers perform their jobs. Such factors include the cost of raw materials, the state of the general economy such as a depression or slump, competition and other environmental factors the firm has no control over . Another disadvantage is that in a large firm, it is difficult to see the impact of ones work on profits, especially where the take force is large.A second alternative to a piece rate system is Employee Stock willpower Plans (ESOPs). This is an incentive plan that allows employees to own a predetermined portion of the companys shares and provide employees with a stake in the companys future success. By increasing employees stake in the company, employee stock options may increase employee loyalty and motivation due to workers becoming more consecrateed with the companys goals and interests. However just as with profit sharing, ESOPs have the problem of external factors affecting it. In Chang Koh Metal Ptd. Ltd., it may be difficult for employees to see the connection between their efforts and company profits. Also various factors can influence the value of a companys stock beside employee effort and performance. foreign the previous alternatives, Gain sharing rewards workers per formance based on factors the worker can control to improve productivity. External factors that the worker has no control tend to be overlooked. An example of a common gain sharing plan is the Scanlon Plan whereby managers and employees work together to solve problemsand pay is used to reward employees for cooperative behavior. At Chang Koh Metal Ptd. Ltd., gain sharing can be considered a good alternative to the piece rate system.Gain sharing builds trust, commitment and loyalty through extensive workforce participation. It can align employee goals with those of the company due to increased participation and teamwork by employees, who in turn learn more about the organization and focus on organizational objectives. One disadvantage of this incentive plan is that it focuses only on productivity and may neglect other important objectives such as quality. Andrew can overcome this by perhaps combining gain sharing with other programs such as Total Quality Management (TQM) to make it mo re effective.QUESTION 8There are many adjustments in which Andrew can adopt. Firstly, Andrew and Jian Wei should have a meeting and discuss their differences, in ordination to solve or work out their problems. This is an important issue, because in order to manage a company effectively managers need to be able to work together.Secondly, it is clearly stated that the companys recruitment and selection process was inefficient. The employees were hired, based on an informal basis. Andrew has a moderately good idea on how to adopt this strategy that is, selecting the aright people with the right qualifications in the right position. Most of the employees in the company were categoric and did not have the appropriate skills to perform the tasks. By implementing an effective recruitment and selection program the problems of low productivity and morale will be solved.Furthermore, instead of training the quality control supervisors, Andrew also needs to train the production workers. He should emphasize the long term problems of not producing quality goods through quality control programs. In order to alleviate the problem of the technicians using the in maintenance machine to do moonlighting work, Andrew should have regular meetings with the employees. This would ensure that employees know about the rules and regulations of the company.These are some of the steps in which Andrew can put into place in order to improve the level of productivity and quality of the employees.As a manager, I would try to work out the differences with Jian Wei, in order to ensure a smooth flow in operations, throughout the company. The culture of the organization and employees would also be important. Analyzing the culture of the employees would help in establishing an effective and efficient workforce within the organization. Implementing this strategy would aid the other managers in preparing and analyzing strategies that will best suit the culture of the workforce. Furthermore, under standing the culture and attitudes of the employees would also help the human resource managers of the organization design specific motivational strategies to increase the morale of the employees. They would be able to check whether the workers are intrinsically or extrinsically motivated within the plant.Another strategy that I would consider is to encourage cohesive teamwork amongst the workers throughout the plant. This action would increase the benefits of the piece-rate salary system. Also, since the employees would be working in groups, more coaction will be taking place, as well as the workers will feel more committed within the organization.One of the main reasons why Chang Koh Metal Ptd. Ltd. is experiencing a number of quality problems is because of the recruitment of unqualified workers. As a manager I would recommend, that despite the lower operating costs of employing cheap labour qualified and skilled workers should be selected. One has to remember that in order for an organization to be successful it relies on the output from the employees. These are some of the things that I would implement as a manager in Chang Koh Limited.

Principles of Personal Development Essay Example for Free

Principles of Personal Development EssayStandards that influence the way adult social care vocation roles are carried out. Codes of Practice set out the criteria against which providers are taxed by. They also describe the standards of conduct and practice with which workers mustiness carry out their activities and ensure that what they do is competent and consistent with the values of their employer. These standards are how registrants tness to practice is determined. For a care worker to work in a certain profession, they throw off to register with their particular master copy Council and then work to the Codes of Practice which they deem t. Not following their Code of Practice could result in them being taken of the register and no longer allowed to work in that role.Reflecting on work activities is an definitive way to develop own knowledge and adroitnesss.Reflection on your own practice is most-valuable because it allows you to assess what you are doing well, identi fy areas where you might like or maybe need more training or guidance in to ensure you are performing to the best you can, and are meeting all standards and expectations at heart the elderly house policies and procedures. Reflecting on your practice can enhance and improve your confidence and self applaud because you can look at what you are doing well, the things you have learnt and achieved and feel good about yourself especially if you have done something with ease that you used to find difficult, if you have done something you never did well in or something that you have never tried before.This then gives you confidence to continue working well and to aim to pick up other spick-and-span things or to use what new skills or knowledge you have gained in your practices. During the bodily function you improve you learning by asking you supervisor/senior. You learn from others people strategies. Find ways to chew over your self in your military action. Reflection, which is le arning by means of experience, is not a new cin one casept. As humans, we naturally deliberate on our surroundings and experiences.It is a learning tool that will help us improve our skill and develop our knowledge and practice. Also it is important to find your strengths and weaknesses so that you can develop and improve on them, so you can make your weakness your strengths. Reflecting on your self is a complex activity that requires the private to develop a set of skills. When you reflect you stand back and call in of a state of affairs or problem, gain a new perspective of something, make sense of our experiences and construct meaning and knowledge that directs actions in practice. Use evidence to help decide on decisions.Ways to ensure that ad hominem attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work.The best way to ensure that personal attitudes or beliefs dont obstruct the quality of work is to be dedicated to excellence. Personal attitudes can be changed through education. That is an important way. It helps to develop a good work ethic.How learning activities can develop knowledge, skills and perceptiveness.How a learning activity has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding.The more you think and broadcast, the better you can do. Think things all the way through to a successful conclusion.Improving improved own knowledge, skills and understanding by reflecting on a situationI dont have a situation that I really want to share, but I go a great deal of time reflecting on life from various perspectives from the logical/intellectual to the unfathomable/muse. The two quotes below are on a list that I keep in my desk. They incite me why I must make time, even if it appears Im doing something else, to reflect. * Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the thinks you can think up if only you try Dr. Seuss* The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. Albert EinsteinFe edback from others has developed own knowledge, skills and understanding The example is comments, critics, suggestions. If individual know what to do to this feedback, that person already know what to do next. That was a development by feedbackHow a personal development plan can contribute to own learning and developmentDefinition of personal development planPersonal development planning (PDP) is the process of creating an action plan based on awareness, values, reflection, goal-setting and planning for personal development within the context of a career, education, relationship or for self-improvement.Who can be involved in the PDP processTypically, each employees line manager should be responsible for the individual employees PDP. * Managers may need appropriate training to ensure they can manage PDPs effectively. Developing these skills can be create into the managers own PDP. * The most senior employees and those whose performance has the most impact on the performance of the business may benefit from an external mentorSources of support for own learning and developmentThere are umteen sources of support that you can access and many different ways that you can help yourself, when developing your practice. The idea or supervision system in your workplace can be a good kickoff point. This will help you to identify areas of your practice that need to be developed, and to plan to use opportunities for training and development. more or less(prenominal) employers provide appraisal at six-monthly or 12-monthly intervals, but supervision should be at least once a month.This gives you a good opportunity to use the experience and knowledge of your supervisor to help you plan how to move forward in your practice. Benefits of using PDP to identify ongoing improvements in own knowledge and understanding Some advantages of taking a personal development approach to your work are Gaining a clearer focalize to your learning. Helping to keep yourself motivated. A b etter understanding of how you learn and how to improve your performance. More enjoyment and less stress from your learning as you become consciously skilled. More awareness of how to apply your learning to new problems and contexts.

Oliver Twist Essay Example for Free

Oliver criminal EssayOliver Twist is the second allegory written by Charles Dickens. It is all about Oliver who was an orphan aliment the world of crimes in London. The young was published in Bentleys Miscellany in a periodical basis. George Cruikshank was the illustrator of the said novel. Criticisms and opinions were gathered y Dickens as introducing the world of crimes. He exposed to the world the vivification of criminals and prostitutes. With this criticisms and comments, he took the opportunity of presenting a good view of his composition. He did not take the critics in a negative way.Among the kit and caboodle of Dickens, Oliver twist is the presented in a dramatic form. Oliver twist appears in series of novel in 10 theaters in London. The novel was also made with 25 numbers of versions since it started in 1906. The known Roman Polanski was the also made his own version of Oliver Twist. In the Oliver Twist, Oliver was an infant born in a workshop. After the adapta tion of Oliver, he the came to an infant farm where he came o develop himself and then ticktack back to the working place. Orphans were set up to the workhouse to get their selves a home to get into.In the workplace, the orphans were experiencing the inhumane and mistreatment. With these mistreatments, the orphans were put into starvation. Oliver was asked to stand before his comrades to talk with their masters about the issue. Troublemaker is also named or recognized afterward Oliver. He does some job for other mortal who wishes to take him (Dickens, 2003). Oliver outside the workplace bearing was worried at first. He was so tired and hungry. He didnt expect that life was also misery. hole Dawkins is one of the persons who help Oliver by giving him a place to stay.Even though, he was recently in concert with thieves, he was still finds people who help him. As he stays with Dawkins, he also works with him. He came to the world of pick pocketers. With his work with Dawkins, h e was also impeach for some crimes. With the crimes being accused for him, he came to experience the world of criminals and prostitutes. He had himself put into a world where there atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) negative insights. The life of Oliver really became a misery when he came with the criminals and do some criminal works.His life was also nearly put to death when he once put into criminal work when he was shot. With this misery life of Oliver he came to know about his family roots. He came to know who his brother is. He dialog with Maylies and Doctor Losberne about his misery life. He had a brother who is a monk and he was claimed to be an inherited to a monk. Oliver was also an inheritor of an estate which his begin wrote in will before his father died. And because of this they wanted to set out the inheritance of Oliver. In the end, Oliver made a life of good after he had also got the inheritance.Oliver Twist is of the great novel of Dickens. The novel present ed a explanation of humor and wit. The novel is of pauperism mode and of cruelty. Oliver Twist may e given recognition for his thoughts about the world and its great creative thinking of story. With this Novel of Dickens, he used some world views. He relates the Novel with religion world view. He uses some facts with the monks when tackling about the religion. He discussed that eve though the family of Oliver was of different religions, they were still putting the peace on their heart.With respect to the political view, the governing in the novel represents some deficiencies of the true form of politics in the whole wide world. It was presented and explained on the novel how the politics is some sort of injustice. The real politics and politics in this novel are neither really similar nor different. In the geographical view, the novel was determined in way that the geographical mode is of the same way with the time of the novel was presented. It was situated in a community where people experienced difficulties with respect to community of criminals ad prostitutes.The people in the novel were creating a way that the geographic position of the community is essential. Tackling with the affable view, the author speaks for the truth about the social community. It is explained in the novel that people need other people to survive in the community. People are born for other people. No man is an island. In order to survive the cruelty of the world, one person should pass great communication and social interactions with other people. And last but not the least, about the sparing view. One of the great topics in this novel is about the economic view.It is presented here that in life of poorness and scruelty people were doing unnecessary things just to make their life into fulfillment. People may do some crimes and other illegal works just to survive in the low economized community. The use of providing great world issues in the Novel is a way to let creativity with the said religion, political, economical, social and geographical ways. The author, Charles Dickens have very wide thought about the current issues I his time that he came to develop a novel with story that relates to the whole wide world.I is necessary for him that he even does not have good experiences in writing had no acclaimed awards for his works he still make it expressive for him to provide meaningful Novel. The Novel in particular was really fascinating for the story it provides is viewers or readers, it catches roughly of the readers attention. It does not need o make some more great speculations for the story to make it interesting. It was interesting in many ways. With its thoughts and ideas, it is still interesting. List of Reference Dickens, C. Oliver Twist. New York. Penguin Books 2003.

Fall of Troy Essay Example for Free

Fall of Troy Es prescribePride and self combine be values often whiles convey in stories and books that chronicle tales about Greek Mythology. With the Gods and deitydesses favoring a authentic per word of honor and taking sides, mortals often ms grew more(prenominal) complacent and over confident about their own selves. As the Greek word Hubris implies it is an exaggerated act and divulge of self confidence that m whatever times it leads to capitulation of actions interpreted. Decisions are blinded and corrupted by the display of over confidence, thus details of courses are taken for granted. The events that transpired in Homers Iliad exemplify a person and a group of persons act of hubris. The Iliad is split into different sections. It is composed of twenty four different books, which narrate Achilles narrative and The trojan War. Each story depicts how hubris plays an important component part that leads to the result of the war and the downfall of a mighty city. It as well as narrates how disputes are born(p) through hubris. The Trojan War was believed to be the greatest conflict in Greek History. The origin of the war was believed to assimilate started, long in the first place Achilles was born. It roots its origin in the conflict with the golden apple that happens among the three most powerful goddesses, Athena, Aphrodite and Hera. The event leads to Paris, a Trojan Prince running away with Helen, wife of Menelaus. maintain I of Iliad, The Quarrel by the Ships compose 10 showcases a display of Agamemnon, King of Mycenae and brother of Menelaus, exceeding self confidence. Old man, dont let me catch you by our hollow ships, sneaking patronizerest here today or later on. Who cares about Apollos scarf and staff? Ill not release the girl to you, no, not before shes grown old with me in Argos, far from base of operations,working the loom, sharing my bed. Go away.If you want to get home safely, dont anger me. (Homer The Quarrel by the S hips check 1 of the Iliad). Agamemnons hook and boastful antics were very translucent that he even defies Apollos power. He has this belief that, since he is a very worthy ruler, he deserved all the great things as rewards.Also, we back tooth see Agamemnons high image on the same book poetry 110 to 120 Prophet of evil,when have you ever said slap-up things to me? You love to predict the worst, always the worst You never show good news.Now, in prophecy to the Danaans,you say archer Apollo brings us botheration because I was unwilling to accept fine ransom for Chryses daughter, Chryseis. But I have a great desire to take her home in fact want her more than Clytaemnestra,the wife I married Chryseis is clean as good in her de property, physique, intelligence, or work. Still, Im prepared to collapse her back, if thats best. I want the people safe, not all killed off.But then youll owe me another prize. I wint be the barely Argive leftwithout a gift.That would be entirely un fair to me. You all skunk see my spoils are going elsewhere. (Homer The Quarrel by the Ships Book 1 of the Iliad). He refused to unbending free the priests daughter and would only do so if a replacing would take her place. Agamemnon believed that what the oracle had foreseen is wrong and his decision could only be moved if the condition he had set is satisfied. What he wants, he should get. It also shows that Agamemnon did not want others to make fun of him if he would loose his concubine without a replacement. To avoid the looming war a truce was agreed upon that Paris and Menelaus should fight and whoever won would have Helen as his wife. Paris lost but could not accept his defeat. His words to Helen from Book III Paris, Menelaus and Helen verse 440 were few kind of excuse for his failure. Wife, dont mock my courage with your insults. Yes, Menelaus has just defeated me, but with Athenas help.Next time Ill beat him for we have gods on our side, too.(Homer Paris, Menelaus, and Helen Book 3 of the Iliad) He could have easily recognised the defeat and transfer out Helen to Menelaus. But, he too was too proud to accept the defeat. Menelaus has clearly won their match but he could not bear loosing Helen, especially because of his own fault. Paris could have died right hand away if not for Aphrodite lending him the much needed help. Paris Hubris was in display. The war then has blend in inevitable as Aphrodite persuaded Pandarus in breaking the Trojans oath. Fiery hearted son of Lycaon, why not do as I suggest? Prepare yourself to shoot a swift arrow at Menelaus. Youd earn give thanks and glory from all Trojans, most of all from Prince Alexander.Hed be the every first to bring fine gifts, if he could see warlike Menelaus, son of Atreus, mounted on his bier, his bitter funeral pyre, killed by your arrow. (Homer The Armies Clash Book quadruple of the Iliad). Pandarus shoots Menelaus. His arrogant attitude and greed for fame and appreciation broke the treaty . Believing that he would gain glory by killing Menelaus, he fired his arrow. Pandarus was hungry for the honor he would get if eventually he can kill Menelaus. It would be of great pride of him to be recognized in that way. The war has erupted, and many Trojan and Achaeans have died. Diomemedes, guided by Athena, have been pushing the Trojan Army back with his superb competitiveness skill. But as he pushes forward he was hit by Lycaons son. Come on, you festal horse-lashing Trojans, for the finest of Achaeans has been hurt.I dont think hell long survive my arrows force. (Homer Diomedes Goes to Battle Book V of the Iliad). Lycaons son was bragging and shouting that he has killed Diomedes. For him, the best warrior has been killed so it would all be easy to take on the remaining enemy. He thinks of himself so highly and mighty.Little that he knows that Diomedes was alive and his boastful act only infuriates the rubbish spirit of Diomedes. He was furious and attacked the Trojans m ore violently. So angry was Diomedes that he even act killing Aphrodite. Diomedes with his ruthless bronze had g one to run down Aphrodite, knowing she was not a god who could do much in battle not one of those who control mens wars.She was no Athena,no goddess Strife, who destroys unscathed cities. (Homer Diomedes Goes to Battle Book V of the Iliad).It was a display of hubris, as a mortal man attacked a goddess. Mortal men should respect Gods and recognized the vast difference between their abilities. Diomedes is powerful but he should know the limit of being human as Apollo stated from Book five verse 440 ca-ca care son of Tydeus. Go back. Dont think youre equal to the gods. The race of men whowalk upon the ground can never match the race of deathless gods. (Homer Diomedes Goes to Battle Book V of the Iliad).The Gods pride was injured, and Diomedes actions angered the Gods and resulted to more bloodshed.From verse 330 of book six, it would be obvious that Hector was feeling low . Paris, youre a trifling man. Its quite wrong of you to nurse that anger in your heart, while men are being destroyed, fighting around the city its steep walls. Its because of you the sounds of warfare catch fire around our cityyou would fightany man you saw avoiding battle fleeing wars brutality. (Homer Hector and Andromache Book 6 of the Iliad). This statement from Hector, commander in oral sex of Troy, shows how he has been hurt by the actions done by Paris. For him, branding his brother is a great insult.He knew he was fated to die in that war. Still, he chooses to fight for his people. Fully aware that it was his brother actions that shape the war, still, he together with their allies was duty bound in defending Troy. The Trojans are too proud especially Hector, the heir to the throne, to admit that Paris was wrong. They were too high and almighty to believe that a teammate Trojan would commit such misconduct.Hubris is again in display that blinded their actions. They could have easily handed out Helen when the Greeks asked for Helens reappearance. Hectors disappointment with Paris is again revealed to the following statement Brother, no one could justly criticize your work in battle, for you fight bravely. But you deliberately hold back and do not wish to fight.It pains my heart, when I hear shameful things about you from Trojans, who are injury much distress because of you.(Homer Hector and Andromache Book 6 of the Iliad). He just could not stand what his fellow traveller Trojans would tell about his brother. Achilles on the other hand resolved to retire from fighting. His retirement from battle also showed sign of hubris. In a display of his exaggerated pride, which was revealing in verse 70 of Book 16, Achilles would not return to battle even if his comrades are slowly being killed and wounded. Dreadful pain came in my heart and spirit when that man wished to cheat well-nighone his equal and steal away that prize,and just because hes got more power. That really hurt, given that Ive sufferedin this war so many pains here in my chest. Achaeas sons chose that girl as my prize. I won her with my spear, once Id destroyed her strong-walled city.Lord Agamemnon took her back, out of my hands, as if were some stranger without honor. (Homer Patroclus Fights and DiesBook 16 of the Iliad). His lost of drive for fighting happens when Agamemnon took Achilles concubine in replaced of the priests daughter who was set free. Achilles pride was hurt so he left the line of battle. He was one of the Greeks mighty warriors and he believed that even Agamemnon should recognize that.Although, Agamemnon promised gold and the return of his concubine, to bring Achilles back to the lines of battle, Achilles injured pride was not persuaded. Instead he allowed his companion Patroclus to use his armor and fight in his place. He was proud enough not to work under the command of Agamemnon, who he believed is not a worthy commander in chief. His pride wou ld not allow him to join the fighting, and his hubris had caused him the life of his friend. Achilles returns to actions, from verse 20 of Book 19, was filled with power Mother, this armor the god has given me is a work fit for the immortals, something no living human could create (Homer Achilles and Agamemnon Book 19 of the Iliad). Upon hearing this Achilles was filled with fearless power. With Thetis by his side, he led his army. The overwhelming confidence brought by the armor and the rage he was feeling, was proof of his anxiousness to return fighting.Though youre e a brave man, godlike Achilles, dont encourage Achaeas sons to fight against the Trojan on empty stomachs. If so, the fight wont last for long if troops engage right now, once some god in fuses strength in to both sides.No.Instruct Achaeans to have some aliment and wine by their swift ships for they give strength and courage.No soldier can fight the enemy all day till sunset without some food. (Homer Achilles and Aga memnon Book 19 of the Iliad). This was a major display of hubris of Achilless, promising he will not waiver, rest and eat until he has avenged the death of his friend.The stopping point of Patroclus forced Achilles to return to the battlefield. He was enveloped of the idea of revenge. He was so angry that he even attacked Apollo, from verse 10 of Book 22. Son of Peleus, why are you, a mere human, running so sullen in an attempt to catch me,an immortal god?Youre still ignorant it seems, of the fact that Im a god. You stay coming at me with such anger. (Homer The Death of Hector Book 22 of the Iliad). Achilles was so enraged that he was fighting fiercely even in the face of God. He blames himself for the death of his friend. He was too rachitic to bear the his pride.The fall of Troy was destined to happen. With the consent from the Gods, Troy was fated to fall. However, hubris played an important role to its downfall. From the moment, the Trojan War broke out it was the hubris not only by my mortals but by Gods, which do the events more chaotic. With the Gods by taking up sides to show their power the outcome of the war and the course of account statement itself, was shaped and reshaped. Treaties could have been signed and bloodshed could have been avoided if not because of the over exaggerated pride and confidence every man possess.When the Trojans celebrated their apparent victory, it leads to their downfall. They have underestimated their foe. They taught that the Gods had ruled in their favor, when the horse was found. They also believed that the time a sea monster ate those who opposed the entry of the horse to the city was a sign from the Gods. They grew more complacent and failed to act and think rationally. They deduced that in fact they are greater warriors and men compared to the Greeks. They admire themselves too well. The admiration was overwhelming that they failed to size up their opponents that eventually it leads to a tragic end. The belief that the city could not be conquered made a difference. Necessary precautions were not done.(Homer The Iliad)Homer. Achilles and Agamemnon Book 19 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E.. The Armies Clash Book Four of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E.. The Death of Hector Book 22 of the Iliad. (800 B. C. E).. Diomedes Goes to Battle Book V of the Iliad. (800 B. C. E).. Hector and Andromache Book 6 of the Iliad. (800 B. C. E).. The Iliad. 800 B.C.E.. Paris, Menelaus, and Helen Book 3 of the Iliad. (800 B. C. E).. Patroclus Fights and DiesBook 16 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E.. The Quarrel by the Ships Book 1 of the Iliad. 800 B. C. E.

The Tunnel Rats Essay Example for Free

The Tunnel Rats Essay intromission It was in January 1966 when one of the biggest intelligence coups of the war that snip similarlyk place. While the soldiers or the diggers were doing a sweep of the w cardinal-lift Triangle that was an ara near Saigon they discovered a vast complex of digs.1 This location was heavily follow with armed protection and was restricted by the Viet Cong (VC). What they were about to find out was 60 feet into the ground of that molding would be the Viet Cong headquarters. 2 When they arrived in Vietnam as part of the foremost Battalion of the 28th Infan hear, 3rd Brigade of the 1st Infantry region in January 7, 1966, they were called the Big Red One and were sent to engage in phalanx operation Crimp.3 The mission was to hunt and demean sweep the Viet Cong stationed in the Northwest of Saigon. Even as they were just landing, they could collar from the air how there were groups of their men in trouble with small heighten fights that make t hem quickly personnel casualty their helicopters to engage in dispute and destroy the VC that had been attacking the soldiers. When they went inside the tree line that led to the locations were they maxim some of the fights, they saw a large trench filled with nothing and no one. They did not write out where the VCs went. Those they saw that were firing at the other soldiers just disappeared into thin air. They were gone, all of them. The battalion moved off to externalize large catches of rice and estimated the amount they saw were enough to feed a Regiment. Even after a few days later, they saw foxholes, trenches and caves but there were no VC enemies to fight with. However, it was evident the joined States casualties were still increasing because of sustained confrontation sniper fire that basically came out of right offhere. It was already January 10th and they nevertheless had a few glimpse of this enemy. Later that day, a radio report came out that elements from anot her group had made contact with the VC and found the same thing turn overs.VIETNAM WARFARE STATEGIES Later they would discover that the VCs schema was to strike unexpectedly and whence slip away into the turn overs to avoid retaliation. Their dodging was concealment and was effective with their mutilate and run tactics.4 Tunneling was the essential element in the VC strategy. It was the greatest element in the VC stationed in the area of Cu qi, located north the South Vietnamese capital, Ho chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon). They employ the tunnels for many functions. They attack American installations that were conveniently reinforced right above them.5 They took refuge in the tunnels when they entangle threatened with annihilation. They utilize the tunnels to escape from threatened villages. The also used them to store war materials and to operate facilities identical an underground hospital. The Americans never really discovered the full extent of the Viet Con g tunnel transcriptions, but they gradually seek their best to develop tactics to counter attack the VCs and to use the complexities of the tunnels to their advantage.6 The tunnels are now made into something care a Disney amusement park wherein tourists can take an hour bus ride from Ho ki Minh to experience going into them. These tunnels used to be well hidden from American soldiers and reporters of the war but now it has brought tourism to the country. But along with the sights and the interesting experience, the war tactics and weapons the Viet Cong used were placed on viewing that serves as a reminded of their polished war out-of-the-way(prenominal)e strategies. Man nail downs made to kill were part of the display. When American soldiers would try to slip into the tunnels, Punjisticks or spears of bamboo with razor sharpness and covered with excrement or poison were the first things that greeted them.7 The sticks perforated the legs and the torsos of the Americans. More brutal strategies were used as bear traps were also placed in the tunnel hatchways to take away the feet of the soldiers as they go inside the tunnel. Like this was not enough protection, booby traps were also hung from the trees near the source that would result to beheaded soldiers or amputated limbs.8 The VC did not even bury some of their casualties. The United States forces often buried their bloodless enemy to keep track of the extent of the casualties for the enemy. Tactical conditions from the Viet Congs would result to dead VCs lying more or less the tunnels for the tunnel rats to discover. In some cases, they would even pull the bodies of dead American soldiers in the tunnels for the soldiers to encounter. This was a strategy they used to unnerve and demoralize the U.S. troops that would come into the tunnels.9TUNNELS OF CU CHI Located just seventy-five kilometers northwest from the countrys capital Ho Chi Minh were the tunnels of Cu Chi. This district of Cu Chi was a major Viet Cong infiltration route that served as a trail towards the Ho Chi Minh.10 ascertain above the ground of this perimeter was the station of the United States 25th Infantry Division.11 Below them was the home of the seventh Viet Cong Regiment and other allied units. It was like sleeping with the enemy, lone(prenominal) with them they were sleeping above the enemy, literally. The tunnels were reported to be 250 kilometers long and most of the tunnels were located in Cu Chi. thither were three levels to the VC tunnels. 12 In the first level, the opening was three meters deep. As one goes deeper into the tunnel, it would widen and be about six meters deep. The third level of the tunnels was eight meters below the ground.An Underground Battle Station In the tunnels, it was like a whole word underground. in that location were kitchens, there was a hospital, and the officers quarters were there as well as a meeting room.13 During that time the tunnels were almost inaccessible . It was hidden in a jungle-like area. During the war it was ravaged by a skin-burning chemical constituent Orange that was part of the American counterattack. Some tunnels were also too narrow for an overweight Westerner.14 The tunnel system include distinct sizes of chambers, rest areas, weapons and ammunitions storage, kitchens, workshops, barracks room as well as rooms that housed the communication equipments.15 The kitchens was knowing so well the smoke that could signal the Americans of their location were dispersed and dissipated into numerous pipes that would mislead anyone who would see it.16 The tunnels of Cu Chi were the venue where the Viet Cong fighters and the American Tunnel Rats, as they call those brave enough to come in the tunnels, would go into hand-to-hand combat inside dark and hazardous subterranean and complex tunnels. These tunnels were where they fought to death employ knives and pistols.17The Little IRT The tunnels of Cu Chi were known as the Little IRT. They were similar to the railway system in America with an interconnecting tunnel system that was in the northern region of Hau Nghia Province and in the southwester section of Binh Duong Province. The tunnels complexity connected hamlets, villages and provinces in the area. Originally it was dug up to be used to support the Viet Minh second war against the French. The American soldiers dubbed the tunnels the little IRT because of how similar it was to the New York City Subway. The complex tunnel system allowed for different levels in different locations that were interconnected by a series of trap doors, channels, shafts, wells and communication tunnels.18 There connections from the tunnels to bunkers that was almost bombproof as well as to ground level bunkers.Tunnel Explorer, Locator Communicator system The TELACS was an experimental communications device system that the tunnel rats or the American soldiers used when they explored the enemy tunnel systems. It was a syst em that was composed of an earphone and a throat microphone for communications with the troops in the surface.19 It was a flawed system because there was much voice distortion and there needed to be a large amount of wire that had to be dragged behind the explorer. It was a slow and inaccurate system. When it was time-tested in the year 1969, it was withdrawn.20 The tunnel system proved to a sophisticated military tactic from the Viet Cong that may read been underestimated by the American troops. The genius of their strategies overwhelmed U.S. Forces until it came to the point that they decided to clear the tunnels of the VC.TUNNEL CLEARING aft(prenominal) the time when Ben Suc, Vietnam was depopulated American troops went on to clear out the tunnels of Cu Chi, looking for Viet Cong fighters. The force made use of large tanks with bull dozer blades as well as medium built soldiers that were known to be tunnel rats that went to uncover the underground city.21 In the modify proc ess they found stoves, furniture, garb for men and women, and essentially thousands of pages of important war documents. This major headquarters that the American command found brought them to explore further into the tunnels. However, during that time, a senior officer that was in-charge of exploring the tunnel was killed by one of the bloody booby traps. The U.S. forces saw the danger of the situation and retreated from exploring the tunnels. Instead, they pumped tear gas into the tunnels as well as set off explosives.22 The Americans thought this was the top headquarters for the Viet Cong, they miss the headquarters of the NLF that was several miles north that place. The U.S. used tons of artillery and bombs for every Viet Cong fighter. The Viet Cong manual even said that the U.S. had much superior weapons and strength compared to them on the battlefield. But they could not chase them as they always launched surprise attacks from their underground tunnels.23 The use of incendia ry weapons that included the white phosphorous and the napalm was used vastly by the U.S. forces during this time. 24This move has placed them in the center of condemnation. Napalm was expound to be a petroleum fuel that as very effective in the destruction of the enemies bunkers as well as the people inside them. White phosphorous was used to mark targets and to set fire to flammable ones.It has caused suffering that would tend to continue burning the skin long after the initial contact.25 employ together with napalm would prove to be painfully lethal. The mortality rate from those who suffered from such weapons was high and there were deaths that arose from injuries where victims were too badly burnt to receive hospital treatment.26 CS Gas was proficiently used in clearing the tunnel complexes that sifted the enemy soldiers as well as the large numbers of civilians who sought refuge in the tunnels.27 Some antiwar critics of the U.S. Forces in the Vietnam claimed that America con ducted a war of genocide in Vietnam because of the civilian casualties. However this was denied because the U.S. military strategy did not amount to having an official policy of genocide nor was it the intention of the government and the armed forces to hang-up out any significant part of the Vietnamese civilians.TUNNEL RATS During the war trained special units were called tunnel rats. They were described to be small, mean and crazy as they actually went inside the tunnels and combated with Viet Congs they encountered while other units scarce thrown explosives to clear the tunnels.28 They were also known to be the Tunnel Runners by the 25th Infantry Division and Ferrets by the Australian Army. Tunnel Rat was their official accepted name.29 It was during this time that the U.S. Army realized that it was short-sighted to destroy the tunnels by the bulldozers and the bombings. There would be a massive loss of vital intelligence if the plans and documents of the Viet Cong would be unm ake finished their first strategy. It was in 1965 when the 1st and 25th Infantry division organized specialized teams that had missions to search and explore the tunnels in the III Corp area.30 The tunnel rats were not assigned they were all volunteers and were armed only with a pistol or shotgun, a knife and a flashlight.31 They infiltrated the tunnels with such minimal weapons where hundreds of VC might be hiding with their massive supply of weapons stored in the tunnels as well. Anyone who went into the tunnels was then dubbed as Tunnel Exploration Personnels. As the tunnel rats descended into the tunnels they experience walking into a pitch black and claustrophobic pathway wherein they were playing a deadly game of hide and seek with the enemy Viet Cong. The sensitive probing of the floor, sides and roofs of the tunnels soon became second temperament to the tunnel rat as he inched his way deeper into the tunnel complexes.32 They carefully watched out for wires and tree root th at was irregular and could pass for booby trap that could blow them up to pieces or cut their limbs into pieces. The entrances of the tunnels totally are usually mined or protected by concealed guards ready to fire upon entry. Sometimes, the unsuspecting tunnel rat can met the garrote or someone would cut his throat as he came up and pass by connecting trapdoors33. Aside from the VC booby traps were a whole breed of animals that resided in the dark landmark of the tunnels.34 There were bats that used the grounds during the daylight hours. Snakes were also encountered inside the tunnels. The Bamboo Viper and the Krait were the deadly snakes that can be found the VC tunnels. The Viet Cong would deliberately tether a snake in the tunnels to serve as a immanent booby trap for the tunnel rats. The stress the tunnel rats undergo every time they went into the tunnel was out of the question that pushed their mental state to its limits. They would crawl into the narrow, pitch black tunne ls looking for a heavily armed enemy for hours to combat with.The idea was to find the VC first forward he jumped on them to kill them. Sometimes the screen on the mens nerves was too much to bear to the point wherein he had to be dragged from the tunnel screaming and crying.35 When this occurs, they are not allowed to go into the tunnel ever again. There were no dead tunnel rats that were to be left inside the tunnel. Dead or wounded they were dragged out with wires, rope or by a comrade only to be taken out of the VC territory.36Weapons and Warfare There was bulky use of the tunnel by the VC. The tunnel rats had to search and flush out the VC. Tunnel warfare then occurred between the VC and the U.S. Tunnel Rats. The soldiers became used to tunnel welfare that they reveled in the opportunity to pursue a VC through the narrow passageways. It was not a work for someone with a faint heart as the danger of death was ever present underground were grenades would just pop through trapd oors and other forms of booby trap awaited.37 When a tunnel rat went in for tunnel warfare, the infantry basic load was kept to a minimal. His total lack of equipment to carry was a factor for the tunnel rats survival.38 The pistols the tunnel rats carried where the .38 smith and Wesson. Sometimes they would carry a 9mm German Luger.39 Most of the tunnel rats agreed not to carry the Colt .45. It was too big of a weapon for the underground battle with a silencer.Without a silencer, it was too loud that the enemies from far away could know your location instantly while you are temporarily deafened by the shot. In tunnel warfare, the tunnel rats follow the golden rule that prohibits firing more than three shots underground without reloading.40 If this does not happen, the VC could know that the tunnel rat is out of ammunition and could attack while they reload. The tunnel rats carried a shopworn Army issue flashlight and each member carried one. They practiced how they would carry th e flashlight to prevent themselves from organism lighted targets. They also practiced how to change batteries in pitch darkness by touch alone and how it can be done quickly.41CONCLUSION The tunnel rats were remembered to be one of the bravest in the American-Vietnam war. They did a subscriber line that not many wanted to do. In fact, not many dared to volunteer for this position. But they stepped up and made it a duty to their country. It was not an easy job considering the highly sophisticated tunnel strategies that the Viet Cong implemented before the U.S. Army troops even discovered that they existed. They were in and out of a battle scene. They controlled the tempo of the battle because of their invisibility.Even when the tunnels were discovered, threats still turned on the American troops as it proved to be spartan to explore the tunnels. Deadly booby traps such as land mines, sharp sticks and trapdoors overwhelmed the U.S. troops that may have underestimated the intelligenc e of the VC tactics. In the end much of the tunnels that were deeper into the complexes were remained uncovered and unexplored by the U.S. Army. This was a war rightfully won by the one who had the best strategies, the most ruthless approaches that surprised the nations of the world.BIBLIOGRAPHYBrown, Lousie. War and Aftermath in Vietnam. New York, Routledge, 1991.Clark, Gregory R. Words of the Vietnam War The Slang, Jargon Abbreviations, Acronyms Nomenclature, Nicknames Pseudonyms, Slogans Specs, Euphemisms Double-Talk, Chants and Names and Places of the Era of United States Involvement in Vietnam. Jefferson, NC, McFarland, 1990.Mangolds, Tom. cornerstone Enemy Lines a Nam Vet Returns Tom Mangold Revisits the Terrifying Viet Cong Tunnels He Discovered as a Young War Reporter.And Finds Them Transformed into a Fascinating, Disney-Style Attraction, The Mail on Sunday, 15 October 2006, 94.McGibbon, Ian. The Tunnels of Cu Chi A Remarkable Story of War in Vietnam, New Zealand Internatio na lReview, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2006) 29.Philbert, Robert E. Back to Nam, affectionate Studies, Vol. 86, No. 1 (1995) 6.Schulzinger, Robert D. A Time for War The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975. New York Oxford University Press, 1997.Tunnel Rats. Digger History, (2002). unattached from http//www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/vietnam/tunnel-rats.htm, accessed on October 3, 2007.